Physics of Water Waves

Now, lets consider a point of intersection where the crest of one wave is present where the trough of the other wave is present. These two waves at this point are out of phase and are experiencing destructive interference. The water would actually look calm at this point, because the waves, in a sense, cancel each other out.

Both of these objectives were accomplished by using LDA (Laser Doppler Anemometry). LDA is one of the main velocity measurement methods used in professional experimentation. Light beams are shot from a laser onto flowing water. In objective one, a cylinder was submersed in the water flow to determine how the velocity aft of the cylinder was disturbed. While the second objective used the LDA on flowing water with no disturbances.

Let T represent the angle between the wave ray to a point on the screen and the normal line between the slit and the screen. point2 The top part of the figure to the left is an imitation of a single slit diffraction pattern which may be observed on the screen (there would really be more blending between the bright and dark bands, see a real diffraction pattern at the top of this page). Below the pattern is an intensity bar graph showing the intensity of the light in the diffraction pattern as a function of sin T.

This value will be checked by measuring the amplitude of reflected waves off a boundary and then finding the reflection coefficient from these measurements. If the two values obtained for the reflection coefficient are close, then the acoustic impedance measurement... ... middle of paper ... ...for the acoustic impedance of paraffin and water, the reflection coefficient between paraffin and water was calculated to be 0.192±0.02 . By observing the reflected amplitude of the waves from the boundary, the reflection coefficient was again calculated; but in this calculation its value was 0.13±0.02. These two values are very nearly within each other’s error bounds, but there is still a slight discrepancy. This discrepancy is hard to explain, but it could be due to changes in temperatures in the room or just larger errors involved than was thought during the experiment.

light through a doorway Reflection ---------- When waves reflect, they always do it regularly. Remember: i = r (The angle of incidence = the angle of reflection) Rough surfaces Each bit of the surface obeys this law, but the overall effect of the jagged surface is to scatter the light diffusely. The reflected waves head off in all directions, e.g. sunlight on a piece of paper. Smooth surfaces These act as mirrors.

The deeper the water the less water touches the tray and so the friction slows less water down. When there is less water more of the water will be touching the tray causing more friction and so the water will be slower. Also in previous experiments we studied refraction. These experiments showed that when the incident waves went past the boundary between shallow and deep water at an angle they would change direction. This was because if the waves went from shallow to deep, they the part of the wave that hit the boundary between shallow and deep water at an angle first would speed up and be faster than the rest of the wave causing the wave to travel in an angle further from the normal line (90o to the boundary).

Point of incidence: Point at which incident ray meets boundary and becomes refracted ray. Critical angle: The particular angle of incidence of a ray hitting a less dense medium, which results in it being refracted at 900 to the normal. Normal: A line at right angles to boundary through chosen points. There are two main laws of refraction of light: 1. The refracted ray lies in the same plane as the incident ray and normal at the point of incidence.

A transverse pulse causes the spring to move at right angles to the direction of motion of the pulse. A longitudinal pulse causes the spring to move parallel to the direction of motion of the pulse. The direction of propagation is at right angles to the wavefront. The displacement at a point is how much the medium has been displaced from its normal position. Displacements are given + or - signs depending on the direction of the displacement.

But according to the reciprocity theorem, for every location of the dipole antenna, the ratio of V to I is same as before obtained for the test antenna as a transmitting antenna. Thus the radiation pattern i.e. directional pattern of a receiving antenna is identical to that of the transmitting antenna. Instead of the circular polarization, if the linear polarization is considered, then under such condition, the small dipole exploring antenna is oriented in such a way that direction is perpendicular to the radius vector and parallel to the electric

A wave can be described as a disturbance that travels through a medium from one location to another location. Consider a slinky wave as an example of a wave. When the slinky is stretched from end to end and is held at rest, it assumes a natural position known as the equilibrium or rest position. The coils of the slinky naturally assume this position, spaced equally far apart. To introduce a wave into the slinky, the first particle is displaced or moved from its equilibrium or rest position.