Acetes shrimps were sampled from in-shore catches using push-nets and trawling activities at sea more than 5 nautical miles (nm) off-shore along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, from August 2007 to September 2008. A Global Positioning System (GPS) was used to indicate the geographical position of each sampling location (Table 1, Fig. 1). The specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol immediately after collection. Species and sex of Acetes shrimp were identified by using the key characters detailed in Omori (1975), under a Leica dissecting microscope (Leica ZOOM 2000™, Model No. Z45V, Germany).
[Table 1],
[Fig.1]
2.2 DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing
DNA was extracted from 25g of muscle sample, using i-genomic CTB DNA Extraction Mini Kit (iNtRON Biotechnology, Inc., South Korea). Amplification of the 552 bp fragment from the 5’ end of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was performed using PCR (Saiki et al., 1988) with the primer pair LCO1490 (5’–GGT CAA CAA ATC ATA AAG ATA TTG G–3’) and HCO2198 (5’–TAA ACT TCA GGG TGA CCA AAA AAT CA–3’) (Folmer et al., 1994). Each PCR reaction mixture contained 2.5 µL of 10× PCR buffer (Vivantis), 1.5 mM of MgCl2 (Vivantis), 50 µM of each dNTP (Vivantis), 1 unit (U) of Taq polymerase (Vivantis), 0.3 µM of each primer (1st BASE Pte Ltd, Singapore), 2 µL of DNA template (50 ng), and adjusted to a final volume of 25 µL with deionised water. The PCR of COI gene was performed on an Eppendorf Mastercycler® Gradient (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany) with the following profile: initial denaturation at 94 oC for 60 s; five cycles at 94 oC for 30 s, 45 oC for 90 s, and 72 oC for 60 s; 35 cycles at 94 oC for 30 s, 51 oC for 90 s, and 72 oC for 60 s; followed by a final ext...
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...split frequencies was less than 0.01, 25% of the samples were discarded as burn – in (sump burnin = 1000). The remaining trees were used to calculate the posterior probabilities (PP) and to produce the 50% majority – rule consensus tree after discarding burn-in samples in each analysis. Probabilities of 95% or higher were considered significant support. All the phylogenetic trees were rooted with Sergestes similis (GenBank Accession Number: DQ882152) as outgroup and displayed with TreeView 1.6.6 (Page, 1996).
In addition, haplotype network was constructed (for A. indicus and A. sibogae) using the TCS 1.13 software (Clement et al., 2000) which employs a 95% statistical parsimony method (Templeton et al., 1992).
The pairwise genetic distances (within and among the four Acetes species) were calculated based on the substitution model of Kimura’s Two Parameter (K2P).
The purpose of our experiment was to test whether or not the Wisconsin Fast Plants, or Brassica rapa, followed the Mendelian genetics and its law of inheritance. First, after we crossed the heterozygous F1 generation, we created an F2 generation which we used to analyze. After analyzing our results, we conducted a chi-square test for for both the F1 and F2 generations to test their “goodness of fit”. For the F1 generation we calculated an x2 value of 6.97, which was greater than the value on the chi-square table at a p-value of 0.05 and 1 degree of freedom (6.97 > 3.84). This meant that we had to reject our hypothesis that stated there would be no difference between the observed and expected values. This showed us that the F1
Test 4: All three phenotypic frequencies saw a reduction in their number as the homozygote fishes saw a reduction in their number and were not able to pass on their alleles to create either their colored fish or a heterozygote. Both yellow and blue allele frequencies decreased by the same
The samples of DNA were obtained by plucking individual hairs from students' heads and using the PCR device to replicate. the DNA from the roots of the hair. The replicated DNA samples were then placed into the electrophoresis gel and the device was turned on. Using the methods discussed above we found that three of the fourteen samples, 21%, were homozygous and the remaining eleven samples. 79% were heterozygous in their ancestors.
As the population density increased, so did the male gametophytes of the wild type strain; but there were no male gametophytes at any population density in the Her ...
The North American brine shrimp goes through several stages in development before reaching adulthood. The brine shrimp is first encased in a protective capsule within a female brine shrimp’s brood sac (Drewes, C, 2006). Here, egg development rapidly...
Al Dhaheri, S. and C. Drew. 2003. Guide for the Management of the Brine Shrimp (Artemia Franciscana) at Al Wathba Wetland Reserve. Terrestrial Environment Research Centre, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
Sordaria fimicola is a species of microscopic fungus that is an Ascomycete and are used to test for genetic variation in the lab setting (Sordaria fimicola: A Fungus used in Genetics, Volk). These organisms are what are called model organisms, or species that has been widely studied usually because it is easy to maintain and breed in a laboratory setting and has particular experimental advantages (Sordaria fimicola, Volk). S. fimicola, because it is in the Ascomycota phylum, have a distinguishing reproductive structure called the ascus, which is surrounded by the perithecium. This cylindrical sac-like structure houses 8 haploid spores; created through meiosis to produce 4 haploid spores and then mitosis to make 8 (Lab Manual, pg. 59-68). Based on the genotype they will vary in order and color. There are 3 different ratios that can arise from the 8 ascospores: 4:4, 2:2:2:2, and 2:4:2 (black/wild type and tan coloration). The 4:4 ratio suggests that no crossing over had occurred because there is no difference in order of the color parents that were mated. The two other ratios suggest genetic recombination, or crossing over, because of the
Rantala, M. J., and Roff, D. A. 2006. Analysis of the importance of genotypic variation,
In order to figure out the genes responsible, there are several other factors that must be determined. These factors include the number of genes involved, if each gene is x-linked or autosomal, if the mutant or wild-type allele for each is dominant, and if genes are linked or on different chromosomes. Proposed crosses include reciprocal crosses between the pure-breeding mutants of strains A and B with the wild-type will help determine if the genes or sex-linked or autosomal, in addition to which alleles are dominant (8). Another proposed cross includes complementation crosses between pure-breading mutants from strains A and B to determine if one or two genes are involved (8). Furthermore, testcrosses between F1 progeny and pure-breeding recessive mutants from strains A and B, which will help determine if genes are linked on the chromosome or if they assort independently (8). These proposed crosses are shown in the attached
A one-to-one correspondence of orthologs and paralogs can help to reconstruct evolutionary history of genes by comparing the sequences of all genes between genomes from different taxa and with each genome. However combination of speciation and gene duplication entangles orthologs and paralogs into complex web of relationships involving one-to-many and many-to-many correspondence. The emerging field of evolutionary genomics have also highlighted the importance of gene loss, horizontal gene transfer and gene rearrangements in genome evolution which can further complicate the evolutionary relationships of homologous genes [3].
12) Line 242, 2 or 3 alleles > 2 or 3 copies? 13) Table 2. It may be useful to have a likelihood ratio for each model. 14) Line 267, fenotype -> phenotype? 15) The introduction is human/livestock orientated, but the remainder of the paper is presented in livestock terminology. Some discussion about the relevance of the results to human populations would be useful.
Heterozygote superiority. (n.d.). In World of biology. Retrieved from Gale Science in Context database. (Accession No. CV2431500311)
M Dufrasne, I. M. (2013). Journal of Animal Science. Animal Genetics , Volume 91 (12).
Crustacea is a large subphylum of Arthropoda, consisting of almost 52 000 described species, including animals like crabs, lobsters, shrimp and barnacles. The majority of these are aquatic, living in marine or fresh water environments, though some have adapted to living on land like some crabs and woodlice. Most crustaceans are relatively small, though there are some exceptions. All of them have a hard, strong exoskeleton, divided into two parts, which has to be shed in order to allow the animal itself to grow. They have a large circulation system, where blood is pumped around the body by the heart. Only some crustaceans have sexes separate, and those that are usually mate seasonally and lay eggs. The study of Crustacea is called carcinology.
In the first study examined, “Effect of Different Salinities on the Survival and Growth of Artemina Spp,” researchers Soundaraparian and Saravanakumar designed an experiment to ascertain the ideal conditions for the growth of brine shrimp, or Artemina. In the Introduction, the scientists note the growing significance of Artemina, as it is now used as live feed for over 85 percent of cultured species around the world. Thus, a demand to grow huge quantities of Artemia has arisen, making this study incredibly relevant.