Diltiazem Hydrochloride, nondihydropyridine-derivative, is a member of the group of drugs known as benzothiazepines, which are a class of calcium channel blockers, used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, and some types of arrhythmia. It is a class III anti-anginal drug, and a class IV antiarrhythmic [1]. Diltiazem Hydrochloride exerts its pharmacological action through inhibiting trans-membrane influx of extracellular calcium ions across the membranes of myocardial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells, without changing serum calcium concentrations. It is a peripheral arterial vasodilator that acts directly on vascular smooth muscle causing reduction in peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure. It possesses substantial inhibitory effects on the cardiac conduction system, acting principally at the atrioventricular (AV) node to slow conduction time and prolong AV nodal refractoriness. In spite of being a corner stone in the treatment and management of hypertension, angina and arrhythmia, it experiences a major pharmacokinetic problem. Despite the fact that fol...
Dealing with alcohol withdrawal, Atenolol can be used as an addition to tradition alcohol withdrawal treatment to help make the results more effective. In relation to anxiety disorders, atenolol is usually used in small stress reactions, minor panic disorders, and generalized anxiety syndrome. Results are most easily obtainable in patients who have bodily anxiety, as opposed to the mind, and helps reduce trembling and rapid heart beat. Atenolol also had a large affect on cardiac illnesses. In the most common, angina pectoris, atenolol is used to decrease the amount of repeated attacks and to prevent any immediate death. Atenolol is best effective on middle-aged or teenagers, and to those with high blood pressure and heart rate as a result of exercise. The other major heart sickness is congestive heart failure. Giving Atnolol to a person with congestive heart failure must be taken with much care and precauution. One should start with low doses at first, and as time passes, increase the intake gradually. Overall, it affects the heart and circulatory system to either lessen the effect of or prevent any type of cardiovascular illness that may cause serious and/or permanent damage to the body. But how exactly does the medication work?
(14) Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, Eikelboom J, Oldgren J, Parekh A, Pogue J, Reilly PA, Themeles E, Varrone J, Wang S, Alings M, Xavier D, Zhu J, Diaz R, Lewis BS, Darius H, Diener HC, Joyner CD.. (2009). Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation.. New England Journal Of Medicine. 361 (12), 1139-51.
There are various treatments for acute coronary syndrome to prevent the occurrence of an acute myocardial infarction. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the current research of the pharmacological treatments of this condition and to evaluate the relevance of this research in relation to the practise of paramedics.
The second part of this lab was a computer simulation program to illustrate a frog’s electrocardiogram using various drugs in an isolated setting. The computer program entitled “Effects of Drugs on the Frog Heart” allowed experimental conditions to be set for specific drugs. The different drugs used were calcium, digitalis, pilocarpine, atropine, potassium, epinephrine, caffeine, and nicotine. Each of these drugs caused a different electrocardiogram and beats per minute reading. The calcium-magnesium ration affects “the permeability of the cell membrane”(Fox). When calcium is placed directly on the heart it results in three physiological functions. The force of the heart increases while the cardiac rate decreases. It also causes the appearance of “ectopic pacemakers in the ventricles, producing abnormal rhythms” (Fox). Digitalis’ affect on the heart is very similar to that of calcium. It inhibits the sodium-potassium pump activated by ATP that promotes the uptake of extracellular calcium by the heart. This in return strengthens myocardial contraction (Springhouse). Pilocarpine on the other hand
My patient who is a 57 year old male who has a past history of Hypertension, takes Accupril to help with his high blood pressure. Is complaining of chest and lest arm pain. He has a blood pressure of 140bpm a high heart rate, and on the ECG showing significant ST elevation and Sinus Tachycardia.
Ostrove, N. M. (2004). Statement of Nancy M. Ostrove, Ph.D., Deputy Director, Division of Drug.
Lewis, S. H., & Brinzolamide Primary Therapy Study Group (1998). Clinical efficacy and safety of brinzolamide (azopt^tm), a new topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor for primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 126, 400- 408.
This raises an interesting question: What and/or where is the mechanism of action of clonazepam in the reduction of the
Dentist believe the use of epinephrine is contraindicated in cardiovascular patients because it raises the blood pressure and heart rate. Studies show that the amount of epinephrine in dental cartridges is relatively low, therefore the use of one to three cartridges of lidocaine and epinephrine is safe, though it slightly raises blood pressure and heart rate. The slight rise in heart rate and blood pressure is not clinically or medically important. The wrong volume or concentration of anesthetic solution may produce systemic complications. A study given at Khorasgen Dental School determined that injection of lidocaine without epinephrine caused a reduction of blood pressure and heart rate due to the vasodilative effect of lidocaine. An increase in blood pressure and heart rate after injection of lidocaine with epinephrine was a result as well. Researchers have proved that an increase in cardiovascular parameters after injection of local anesthetics can be due to epinephrine
Digoxin (Lanoxin) 250 mcg daily: In heart failure, increases contractility by inhibiting sodium/potassium ATPase pump in myocardial cells promoting calcium influx via sodium –calcium exchange pump ("Digoxin," 2015, p. 6).
...a concentration builds up. When the amount of drug has built up to effective therapeutic regimen and there are balance between administered and clearance of drug, it is known as a steady state which usually takes four half-life of a drug to be stable. Since doripenem has short half-life (1 hour), it will take short time to reach the steady state. The renal clearance is 10.8L/h. Renal clearance demonstrates the excretion of drug into the urine by the kidneys. The value of renal clearance suggests that doripenem is prominent to go through glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion as the renal clearance value is more than the product of glomerular filtration rate by the unbound fraction. However, all mechanism of excretion are operating at the same time including tubular reabsorption, but in doripenem case, only filtration and secretion dominate over the other.
Cornlanor has a contraindication to patients with acute decompensated heart failure, blood pressure less than 90/50 mmHg, sick sinus syndrome, sinoatrial block, or 3rd degree AV block, unless a functioning demand pacemaker is present, resting heart rate less than 60 bpm prior to treatment, severe hepatic impairment, pacemaker dependence (heart rate maintained exclusively by the pacemaker), concomitant use of strong cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibitors. Some common side effects include: Bradycardia, atrial fibrillation, bradyarryhthymias, hypertension, and visual brightness due to
Contrast the mechanism of action of the barbiturates and the benzodiazepines as hypnotics. Discuss the advantages of the benzodiazepines over the barbiturates.
Although abuse of diuretics occurs in sport, diuretics were initially developed to treat many conditions in medicine. Traditionally their medicinal purposes include the treatment of many disorders and illnesses, for example hypertension (high blood pressure), heart failure, and renal failure. Diuretics can also be used for the general reduction of the adverse effects that come with salt or water retention (Jackson, 2006). There are numerous categories of diuretics, each with a different function. These include Thiazides, used to treat hypertention and edema (e.g. benzthiazide), Loop Diuretics, which act on the loop of henle in the kidney and are associated with heat...
Nicarpidine: Calcium channel blocker that is long acting and causes arterial vasodilation. Used in conjunction with a beta-blocker if patient has coronary artery disease. Easy to prepare and administer as an intravenous infusion. [8&9]