CONTENT
Sr. no
Name of the topic
Page no.
1. Petrochemical Industries 6
2. Petrochemical Fires 7
3. Objective of the Project 8
4. Brief about the project 8(a)
5. Block diagram
• Fig 5.1 8(b)
6. Circuit Explanation 9-10
7. Component Description 11
8. GSM Modem 300
• Introduction
• Application
• Features 12
9. Quick Start Guide 13-14
10. Power Supply Requirements 15
11. Serial Cable Details 15(a)
12. LM35 Temperature Sensor
• Introduction
• Application
• Performance Characteristics 16-22
13. ATMEGA 32
• Pin Configuration
• Block diagram
• Pin description 23-47
14. Conclusion 48
15. Reference 49
PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES
In today’s scenario petrochemical plants are always at the risk of fire since a lot of toxin inflammable gases are present there,the temperature is also too high. These are usually unmanned machinery space. The rooms for supervision work are often away from actual plant. Explosion proof light fixures are present.
At petrochemical refineries, fire are often caused by:
• Light spark
• Increased temperature
• Sudden explosion from chemicals
Petrochemicals are chemical products derived from petroleum. Some chemical compounds made from other fossil fuels, such as natural gas(coal) or renewable resources( e.g. Corn or Sugarcane).
Mostly used petrochemicals include:
1. Olefins i.e. ethylene and propylene
2. Aromatics i.e. benzene, toluene and xyle
These petrochemicals are produced in oil refineries by a process of Fluid Catalytic cracking of petroleum fractions. Olefins production is about 185 million tonnes per annum whereas aromatic production is about 70 million tonnes per annum. The largest petrochemical indu...
... middle of paper ...
... the modem register the network, led will blink
• AT commands can be sent to control GSM modem.
GUIDE TO SEND AND RECEIVE SMS
FOR SENDING SMS IN TEXT MODE:
AT+CMFG=1 press enter
AT+CMGS=”mobile number” press enter
Once the AT command is given ‘>’prompt will be displayed on screen.type the msg to send through SMS. Then press ”ctrl + z” to send the sms.
If the SMS sending is success, OK will be displayed
FOR READING SMS IN TEXT MODE
AT+CMGF=1 press enter
AT+CMGR=number
Number is the message index number which is stored in the SIM card.
For new sms,
+CMTI: SM ‘no.’Use this number in the AT+CMGR number to read the message.
GIUDE TO VOICE CALLING
Initiating outgoing call
ATD + mobile no.;
For disconnecting the active call:
ATH
For receiving incoming call
ATA
POWER SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS:
The olefins are also important for petrochemical industries due to their use as main building blocks for many for industrial and domestic applications.
First of all there is one well known way of making a man made oil which eventually becomes gasoline or diesel fuel, that has been around for a long time, it is called bio fuel. Bio fuel is a fuel that is made from plants or other growin...
Gasoline as we know it today comes from crude oil. Crude oil, which is a fossil fuel, is a nonrenewable (once its gone, its gone for good) fuel source. Fossil fuel is comprised of naturally decaying plants and animals which once lived in oceans and seas millions of years ago. Where we find crude oil deposits we also find ancient oceans and seabeds. When extracted from the earth, crude oil may have colors ranging from clear to jet black and resistance to flow or viscosity from water to a molasses type substance.
(Ke C 10,11) Refineries often use cracking to produce chemicals from oil which can be useful precursors.
In its very nature, fire is destructive. It consumes everything its near, using a wide range of transfer methods to feed itself. In order to keep the work environment safe, the National Fire Protection Association [NFPA] developed standard NFPA 25 to set the criteria for the upkeep of water-base protection systems. To get a better idea on the importance of NFPA 25, it is important to understand its purpose and its influences on protection and firefighter safety.
The three types of catalytic cracking processes are fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) as the central conversion method used in petroleum refineries, moving...
The Olefins II Unit makes hydrocarbons from naphtha or natural gas using furnaces. After distillation, the p...
Petrochemicals are concoction items made from petroleum. Some synthetic mixes produced using petroleum are additionally acquired from other fossil energizes, such as, coal or normal gas, or renewable sources for example corn or sugar stick. The final commodities that are used in the petrochemical industry involve approximately 100 different types of spirits, gylcols, oxides, anhydrides, and other chemicals. Petroleum is an unpredictable blend of natural fluids that are alias raw petroleum and regular gas. These natural fluids are normally practice the ground and were shaped a scads of years ago. Raw petroleum is known to fluctuate from oilfield to oilfield in both shading and structure, from a light yellow low thickness fluid to overwhelming dark "treacle" textures.
Fire protection plan can be defined as a process in which people within a society use all means and methods available to prevent fire outbreak, and avoid damage and challenges that the fire can cause. There are many causes of fire breakouts including electricity, gases, and cigarette sources, among others. For the firefighting process to be effective, firefighting equipments should be given to the community members to use them in case of a fire outbreak. These equipments include various types of fire extinguishers. They contain carbon dioxide, water, dry powder, foam, hose reels and wet hydrant risers among other substances (Vincent 2007, p. 351-353).
... light oil. During this process light oil is a by-product in the coking of coal. To make coke, coal is pyrolyzed at 1,000°C. About seventy percent of the product is solid coke. The remainder of the product is then volatilized, and leaves through the top of the coke ovens. The gaseous stream is then fractionated. Finally the cuts are completed and used in various ways (Nexant Inc., 2009). The production of Benzene is very time consuming though the demand for Benzene continues to rise.
Base catalysts are highly sensitive to water content due to soap formation which makes separation difficult. Acid catalyst are used when the acid values of the non-edible oils are higher than the performance range of base catalysts. The acid value represents the number of acidic functional groups and is measured in terms of the quantity of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the acidic characteristics of the sample. The protonation of the carbonyl group of the ester promotes the formation of a carbocation, which after nucleophilic attack of the alcohol produces a tetrahedral intermediate. This intermediate will eliminate glycerol to form a new ester and to reform the catalyst. Acid-catalyzed transesterification are carried out in the absence of water. The problems with the use of these catalysts are: the requirement for more alcohol; slower reaction rates; higher reaction temperatures and pressures; reactor corrosion and environmental issues. Both homogeneous and heterogonous acid catalysts can be used for transesterification. The acid catalysts more commonly used include, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfonated organic acids. Due to the fact that the FFA content of neat edible oils is normally low but these oils are costly and conversion of too much edible oil into biodiesel may cause food crises, use
Petroleum is a naturally occurring mixture of organic chemicals, the most abundant of which are hydrocarbons (Gale, 2014). Petroleum is a natural may exist in gaseous, liquid, or near-solid phases either alone or in combination (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2013). The liquid phase is commonly called crude oil, while the more solid phase may be called bitumen, tar, pitch, or asphalt (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2013). There are many types of petroleum ranging from gaseous methane with only 16 g/mole, to very complex substances weighing more than 20 000 g/mole (Gale, 2008). Some crude oils are thick and viscous, while others are light and unstable (Gale, 2008).
Through the years, petroleum based products have dominated our lifestyle. However, the issue of pollution which arise from their disposal presented the necessity for these polymers to have biodegradable alternatives (Luckachan & Pillai, 2011; Wei & Zimmermann, 2017). Petrochemical polymers include plastics and rubber which are commonly made of ethylene and butadiene (“Plastic pollution - Wikipedia,” n.d.).
The active fire protection system is a group of systems that require some amount of action or motion in order to work efficiently in the event of a fire. Actions may be manually operated, like a fire extinguisher or automatic, like a sprinkler, but either way they require some amount of action. Active fire protection system includes fire/smoke alarm systems, sprinkler systems, and fire extinguishers as well as firefighters. Fire/smoke alarm systems are used to detect whether there is fire and/or smoke in a building. Sprinkler systems are used to help slow the growth of the fire. Fire extinguishers and firefighters are used to help put out the fire
Fossil fuels are used and burned for the engines of ships, cars, airplane and helicopter engines, lawn appliances, saws, and other machineries. Since the less dense liquid products are in heavy demand for engines for combustion, a refinery will use its ability to convert dense hydrocarbons and less dense gaseous components into numerous higher value products. Petroleum refineries produce millions and millions of crude oil. Interestingly, one oil refinery located in Israel is capable of making up to nine millions tons of crude oil just in one year! The cooling towers of this facility extend so high up into the air, making magnificent landmarks!