PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY
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Petrochemical Industry
Introduction
The petrochemical industry relies on the use of petroleum and natural gas based hydrocarbons to make basic chemical products such as propylene, benzene, butadiene, xylene, ethylene and isoprene. The basic chemical products are the building blocks used in the production of many other products that range from plastics, synthetic fibers, rubber, fertilizers and pigments (Matar, S. & Hatch, L., 2008, 1). Concisely, petrochemicals are categorized as organic chemicals (National Academy of Sciences, U.S., 1967, 12). The processing of petroleum and natural gas to get the building blocks in petrochemical industry mentioned above is
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Importantly, other raw materials such as coal are investigated to identify methods through which these derivatives can be obtained. Like any other industry, petrochemical industry impacts the natural environment. The paper explores the distribution of the industry, products produced in the industry, availability of the raw materials used in the industry, the chemical and physical processes used in the industry, the impacts of the industry on the environment. Furthermore, it investigates the health and safety measures applied in the industry and the impact of the industry to other sectors.
The Scale of Petrochemical Industry The petrochemical industry is widely distributed due to its importance in the development of other sectors. The products produced are used in households, commercial, military, medicine,
First the story of the Standard Oil Company briefly describes the limits of power. When Rockefeller was trying to take over the market he formed the “South Improvement Plan. When this occurred the public grew very angry with the price of trains, so nobody went on the railroads and Rockefeller eventually got the bill, until prices changed. This is an example of how the consumers, make the company run and when nobody wants to buy your product the individual must adjust. Another example would be when the Standard Oil Company was primarily the only oil company and was forced to split into thirty nine different independent companies. This shows that one business cannot control the entire market and interventions will need to be done accordingly so that a company does not have all the power.
On December 19th 2007, a small chemical manufacturer T2 Laboratories suffered a catastrophic failure and release while in production of a compound that is produced to increase octane in gasoline and is a common additive in fuel production Methyleclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl or MCMT. The failure occurred during production and resulted in the death of 4 and injuries to 32 people, 28 of which were members of the community. (CSB, 2009)
Our energy needs have significantly changed since the first Industrial Revolution that took place in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. Before this time period, our energy needs were modest. For heat, people relied on the energy of the sun, but when it failed them, they burned wood, straw and dried dung. For transportation horses and the power of the wind was used in sails. For agricultural work animals were used to do the jobs that could not be done with man labor. By harnessing the power of steam and wind simple machines could be run to grind our grain and pump our water. The Second Industrial Revolution, also called the Technological Revolution is considered to have begun around the time of the introduction of the Bessemer steel in the 1860s. This technological Revolution is considered as the second phase of the Industrial Revolution that resulted in factory electrification, mass production, the creation of production lines and the development of machine tools. With the appearance of the low cost automobile and the wide spread of electricity our society's energy needs have changed forever. Since the modest beginning of the oil industry in the mid 19th century, petroleum has risen to global dominance leading to mass consumption as the primary fuel to generate electricity, heat, to power our homes, cars and to support economic growth. Unfortunately, as a consequence of industrialization, atmospheric CO2 levels started to rise in proportion to the usage of fossil fuels. This trend raises some concerns about the well being of our environment, and researchers around the world started to look for alternative, cle...
Oil is a significant, non renewable resource that is found underground and extracted through technological processes (Grubb). Consumption rates of the substance have never been higher. Oil remains to this day a vital aspect of production in industries like plastics, fertilizers, and asphalt. World oil consumption presently rests around 83 million barrels per day (...
Once extracted from the earth, crude oil must be refined to become useful. Crude oil contains over 500 hundred hydrocarbons plus many other elements and additives that are all combined into one product. The refining process separates and groups these hydrocarbons together to make things that are of value to us such as gasoline and diesel fuel, waxes, asphalts, household fuel oil, industrial lubricating oils, greases and other petrochemicals.
When the problems with gasoline use are considered, the catastrophic environmental effects are the primary concern. Automobile use consumes 70 percent of the United States oil supply and is responsible for one-third of the nation’s carbon emissions (Lovins 173). This results in pollution, global warming, and health problems for the people, plants, and animals. The search for alternative fuel is powered by the increasingly evident environmental problems and long-term health of the planet (Povey 17). Fortunately, reducing emissions globally is predicted to have a positive effect and offset previous harms (Backer).
The most common form of polyethylene is petroleum based or olefins based; as before mentioned polyethylene compounds have a wide commercial applicability and are made from non-renewable resources (Harding, Dennis, von Blottnitz, Harrison, & S.T.L., 2007). Its manufacturing processes are regarded as energy intensive and release significant amount of CO2 and heat into the atmosphere (Broderick, 2008). Next a little more detailed description of polyethylene’s production processes will be presented, with a focus on the way the material inputs are extracted and synthesized.
. SNHU Pet Supply’s internal market factors will impact the market strategies due to the high amount of weaknesses, but due to the target location the company has decided on, it should not really impact the market strategies planned to use. Using the strengths the company has will allow then to direct their consumers to the positive rather than the negatives. Building loyalty is the key component into making these internal market factors successful and for the best of the company. With limited money and selling locations to start off, it will minimize the total number of sales overall, and the fact that the food goes bad fast means we have to pay even more for sooner shipments and products than regular brands do. SNHU Pet Supply must pay even
The Olefins II Unit makes hydrocarbons from naphtha or natural gas using furnaces. After distillation, the p...
Essentially, providing facilities to china allows Chevron to help themselves to expand their growth in China with other companies, and the community, as the more products they provide to china, the more opportunities they will get to expand their business in the region. Additionally, China is one of the crucial parts of Chevron Corporation for 100 years ago since they started trading Kerosene with Shanghai’s. Chevron Corporation mainly depends on China’s Chuandongbei project which provides them with territories and an area to obtain natural gases, allowing for manufacturing and production to occur; hence, it is the initiative step in the process of supply chain. According to Crouching TIGER What CHINA’S MILITARISM Means for the WORLD by Peter Navarro claims that China’s quick development massively relies subsidized exports to fuel its growth which in turn allows Chevron to utilize the resources to its advantage for its supply chain and illustrates that Chevron depends on the global supply and delivery chain for its abundant supplies (Navarro 29). The trade between two countries tend to strengthen the special partnership between China and the Chevron Corporation. Furthermore, they have signed a production sharing contract (PSC) with
» Downstream: significant refineries incorporate unrefined petroleum preparing and transport of items to retail outlets.
The industry is divided into three distinct sectors including the upstream, midstream and downstream sectors. The upstream sector includes the exploration and production of crude oil as well as the exploration and production of natural gas. This sector has experienced the largest amount of deals in terms of mergers and acquisitions, which will be further discuss in section III. The midstream sector involves the transportation of extracted petroleum from the upstream sector through pipelines, rail, barge, truck as well as storage. Finally, the downstream sector connects the end consumers through derived products such as gasoline, liquefied natural gas (LPG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), kerosene (aircrafts), and diesel…
The Moral problem in the case we are facing is that BP oil company are exploited the people, polluting the ecology, diluting the government guidelines, cheating everyone for their profits is not acceptable on part of giant company like BP .Oil being a natural resource is being extracted by the company for their vested interests neglecting the society and the climate. The food pyramid is getting affected due to its short cuts and lapse in guidelines and total negligence resulting in gross cheating and mass killing of live stocks in sea as well polluting the air. The government intervention at crisis is an example of socialism. BP operations are in more than 100 countries with several reserves are creating chaos for the people working
These fuels include coal, oil products such as gasoline, and natural gas. Use of these fuels has a number of harmful health and environmental effects. According to the World Health Organization, outdoor air pollution, most of it from burning fossil fuels, especially coal kills at least 800,000 people each year and causes health problems for tens of millions of others. Technology is available to reduce such air pollution, but using it is costly and results in higher fuel
Ranked among the FORTUNE Global 500® largest corporations in the world, Petroliam Nasional Berhad, most commonly known as PETRONAS, is a Malaysian state-owned oil and gas company which ventures into a wide range of petroleum activities. Established in the year 1974, PETRONAS was incorporated alongside the enforcement of the Petroleum Development Act 1974 (Malaysian Explorer, 2012). Today, being owned entirely by the Malaysian government under the Ministry of Finance, PETRONAS is entrusted with the responsibility to manage the entire nation’s hydrocarbon resources (Rig Zone, 2013) and to ensure the sustainability and orderliness of the country’s oil and gas industry is prolonged.