Pertussis or Whooping Cough Can Lead to Death
opinion Essay
699 words
Pertussis, commonly known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by a bacterium, Bordatella pertussis. In 2010 it affected 27, 5501 individuals and was responsible for 262 deaths in the United States. Bordatella pertussis colonizes in the cilia of the respiratory tract3 producing uncontrollable coughing with paroxysms (fits) followed with a high pitched intake of air creating a whoop sound, posttussive emesis (cough induced vomiting), and exhaustion.3 These symptoms can last up to 10 weeks.3 Adults can transfer Pertussis to infants who are not fully immunized, subsequently, they are at a greater risk and may have serious complications from Pertussis including pneumonia and death.4
As illustrated in the Figure 1.1 the epidemiologic triangle of pertussis, the agent is the bacterium, Bordatella pertussis, it is strictly a human pathogen and does not have an environmental or animal reservoir; however, adults/children with unrecognized pertussis are a reservoir for susceptible infant s and young children.5 Bordatella pertussis spread through respiratory droplets and are aerosolized by uncontrollable coughing of the infected individual.5 It can only survive outside of the human host for several days6; and, has an incubation period is 6 to 10 days within the host.5
Using a descriptive analysis on the Pertussis mortality data sets from the Center of Disease Control Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (CDC Wonder), over a ten-year period (2000-2010), data demographic was gathered on race, age, sex, geographic distribution, and incidence rates. The data examined only deaths categorized as A37, Whooping Cough and including the subcategories A37.0 (due to Bordetella pertussis) A37.1 (due to Bord...
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...tain exemptions to a majority of immunizations conflicting with their beliefs.9 Moreover, those identified with the California pertussis outbreak were characterized as high socioeconomic status.9 Also, this community as a whole intentionally unvaccinated their children leading to a pertussis outbreak and endangered vulnerable population, infants.9
In conclusion, epidemiology of pertussis provides disease prevention by identifying the individuals, variants and/or causes. Also, these identifications enable public health officers in promoting pertussis vaccines which leads to directly preventing it. Furthermore, it prevents exposures to the pertussis bacterium to vulnerable population unvaccinated or undervaccinated infants/children. The methodology used by epidemiologist enables the immobilization of pertussis thereby prevent its mortality and epidemic proportions.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that bordatella pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory disease that affects 27, 5501 individuals and was responsible for 262 deaths in the united states. adults can transfer the disease to infants who are not fully immunized.
- Explains that bordatella pertussis is strictly a human pathogen and does not have an environmental or animal reservoir.
- Explains the descriptive analysis of pertussis mortality data sets from the center of disease control wide-ranging online data for epidemiologic research.
- Explains that bordatella pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory disease that affects 27, 5501 individuals and was responsible for 262 deaths in the united states. adults can transfer the disease to infants who are not fully immunized.
- Explains that bordatella pertussis is strictly a human pathogen and does not have an environmental or animal reservoir.
- Explains the descriptive analysis of pertussis mortality data sets from the center of disease control wide-ranging online data for epidemiologic research.
- Explains that the analysis used actual morality numbers provided by cdc wonder, and any attempts to use standard age adjusted rated proved to be unreliable.
- Opines that the increase in pertussis incidences and morality may include diminished immunity, as childhood vaccine does not provide lifelong immunity. tdap booster shot at 11 or 12 and expected mothers in their third trimester should continue their protective antibodies.
- Explains that pertussis is underdiagnosed and misclassified as severe cold, influenza, or bronchitis. the mortality rates in california, texas, and pennsylvania are alarming.
- Concludes that epidemiology of pertussis provides disease prevention by identifying individuals, variants and/or causes.
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- Explains that pertussis, although contagious, does not have an extensive background.
- Explains that pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a contagious respiratory tract infection caused by bacteria named bordetella. the bacteria release toxins, damage cilia, and cause airways to swell
- Explains that pertussis was discovered around 1906 by french scientists jules bordet and octave gengou. the first vaccine was not created until january 1, 1920.
- Explains that pertussis, although contagious, does not have an extensive background.
- Explains that pertussis is difficult to detect in the first stage of symptoms which include runny nose, nasal congestion, red eyes, fever, and cough.
- Explains that treatment for pertussis depends on the severity of the disease and the interval of time the patient has had it.
- Explains that pertussis vaccinations are recommended to prevent infection. they are funded at six weeks of age, six months with boosters, 18 months, three years, and in adolescence.
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- Analyzes the serological response rate of the iranian children to the pertussis vaccine.
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- Explains that bordetella pertussis is a gram-negative bacilli that needs specific mediums for isolation and produces antigenic and organic substances.
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- Explains that the dtap, diphtheria, tuberculosis, and acellular pertussis vaccine was produced to counter the dtp vaccine.
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In this essay, the author
- Explains that whooping cough is an acute, highly contagious respiratory infection initiated by the bacterium bordetella pertussis.
- Opines that the state of washington should respond to this outbreak by having medical practitioners make speeches about this infection on the news with somebody hosting a conversing observance.
- Explains that whooping cough is something that can be stopped different hiv/aids, so if someone gaze past this infection and believe its not severe would be incorrect.
- Explains that whooping cough is an acute, highly contagious respiratory infection initiated by the bacterium bordetella pertussis.
- Opines that the state of washington should respond to this outbreak by having medical practitioners make speeches about this infection on the news with somebody hosting a conversing observance.
- Explains that whooping cough is something that can be stopped different hiv/aids, so if someone gaze past this infection and believe its not severe would be incorrect.
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- Explains that diphtheria was one of the most common diseases found in the eastern region especially in europe. it caused the death of many children by suffocation during the 17th century.
- Explains that diphtheria is caused by a pathogenic (disease-causing) bacterium called corynebacteria diphteria. it can be deadly once it enters the blood stream that leads to major parts of the body including the heart, brain and nerves.
- Explains that there are two types of diphtheria: cutaneous and respiratory. respiratory diphteria is extremely uncommon here in the united states due to the large vast of immunization.
- Explains that diphtheria was one of the most common diseases found in the eastern region especially in europe. it caused the death of many children by suffocation during the 17th century.
- Explains that diphtheria is caused by a pathogenic (disease-causing) bacterium called corynebacteria diphteria. it can be deadly once it enters the blood stream that leads to major parts of the body including the heart, brain and nerves.
- Explains that there are two types of diphtheria: cutaneous and respiratory. respiratory diphteria is extremely uncommon here in the united states due to the large vast of immunization.
- Explains that cutaneous diphtheria is a very rare disease that is often seen among people who live in poor hygienic environments or in crowded conditions.
- Explains that although diphtheria is a rare disease, it is commonly developed among countries with poor immunizations due to their developing or diminishing immune system.
- Describes the signs and symptoms of diphtheria, such as cold chills, mild fever, muscle weakness, loss of appetite, and enlarged lymph nodes.
- Explains that the sore throat is caused by the toxin release from corynebacterium.
- Explains that diphtheria can enter the blood stream which can lead to a life-threatening situation.
- Explains that when one is suspected of diphtheria, doctors usually swab the inside of the patient's throat and diagnose it under a microscope.
- Explains that diphtheria is treated in the hospital and not at home due to contamination, and along with this treatment, there are four stages.
- Explains that during diphtheria treatment, some patients would have to get pharyngectomy. if the disease had spread throughout the body, they would recommend intubation or in other terms, insert a breathing tube in the patient to help them breath better.
- Explains that the third step of treating diphtheria is to examine everyone who might have had close contact with the person. the last step is isolating the victim from everyone before contaminating and spreading the disease.
- Recommends keeping up with vaccinations to prevent diphtheria from occurring. dtap is a vaccine that helps the body build up protection against the toxin.
1073 wordsRead More - Bordetella Pertussis or Whooping Coughexplanatory essayCampbell H., G. Amirthalingam, N. Andrews, N.K. Fry, R.C. George, T.G. Harrison et al. Accelerating control of pertussis in England and Wales Emerg Infect Dis, 18 (2012), pp. 38–4
In this essay, the author
- Explains that whooping cough is a global public health concern with approximately 40 million cases and 400,000 deaths annually. the uk has implemented an accelerated infant vaccine schedule and pre-school booster to curb the disease.
- Explains that the past twenty-year research era has unmasked the role of bordetella pertussis virulence factors pathogenesis of whooping cough.
- States that fedele giorgio, manuela bianco, clara maria ausiello, (2013), arch. immunol. ther.
- Explains that whooping cough is a global public health concern with approximately 40 million cases and 400,000 deaths annually. the uk has implemented an accelerated infant vaccine schedule and pre-school booster to curb the disease.
- Explains that the past twenty-year research era has unmasked the role of bordetella pertussis virulence factors pathogenesis of whooping cough.
- States that fedele giorgio, manuela bianco, clara maria ausiello, (2013), arch. immunol. ther.
- Describes the key virulence factors of bordetella pertussis and cell biology tools.
- Explains that fha-mediated cell substrate and cell–cell adhesions are critical for bordetella pertussis biofilm formation.
- Explains the role of adhesins and toxins in the invasion of human tracheal epithelial cells by bordetella pertussis.
- Explains the identification and characterization of heparin binding regions of the fim2 subunit of bordetella pertussis.
- Explains that bordetella pertussis toxin plays an early role in respiratory tract colonization.
- Cites carbonetti nh, artamonova gv, van rooijen n et al. (2007) pertussis toxin targets airway macrophages and promotes borde- tella per-
- Opines that pertussis toxin inhibits early chemokines production to delay neutrophil recruitment in response to bordetella perticus respiratory tract infection in mice.
- Cites carbonetti nh, artamonova gv, andreasen c et al. suppression of serum antibody responses by pertussis toxin after respiratory tract colonization
- Explains mielcarek n, debrie as, raze d et al. (2006) attenuated bordetella pertussis: new live vaccines for intranasal immunisation.
- Describes flak ta, goldman we's findings on the signalling and cellular specificity of airway nitric oxide production in pertussis.
- Explains strategies to control pertussis in infants. arch dis child 98(7):552-5.
- Explains campbell, amirthalingam, andrews, fry, george, harrison, and harrison. accelerating control of pertussis in england and wales
- Explains that bordetella pertussis is a highly contagious and acute respiratory disease caused by an aerobic gram negative encapsulated coco-bacillus bacterium.
1090 wordsRead More