The perovskite materials are of considerable technological importance, particularly with regard to physical properties such as pyro and piezoelectricity , dielectric susceptibility, linear and nonlinear optic effects. Many of these properties are gross effects, varying enormously from one perovskite to another and differences in crystal structures are hardly apparent . Effects of the impending transition are evident in some of the crystal properties at temperatures at least a few degrees away from Tc . Substances BaTiO3 and SrTiO3 have very high values of the permittivity due to low frequency of soft mode . It may be inferred that at room temperature BaTiO3 exhibits number of advantages over the other ferroelectrics such as a high mechanical strength , resistance to heat (due to positive temperature coefficient restivity , PTCR ) and moisture , presence of ferroelectric properties with in a broad range of temperature (its Curie point is high ≈ 400 K ) and ease of manufacturing . The presence of an abnormally high permittivity in BaTiO3 is connected with the ‘looseness’ of the crystal lattice of this substance . ( The sum of the atomic radii of titanium and oxygen ions 1.96 is less than the distance between these ions in the lattice 1.99 . The compression of the structure when atom of Ba is replaced by that of Sr drastically reduces dielectric constant and the temperature of the Curie point ) .
Barium strontium titanate (BaxSr1-xTiO3 ) is a ferroelectric solid solution material which exhibits high dielectric constant and Ba/Sr composition dependent Curie temperature Tc . It is a perovskites based ferroelectric and one of the most studied ferroelectric material, exhibiting normal, first order phase transi...
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... The influence of electric field on this mode also effects the interaction of soft modes with other modes in the presences of higher order anharmonic terms, thus giving electric field dependence of various properties . Soft mode frequency is held responsible for the dielectric and acoustic anomalies near the phase transition point.
It is also evident that the square of the temperature ,defect and field dependent soft mode frequency varies with the defect and electric field parameters in presence of anharmonicity . The presence of these effects stabilizes the soft mode frequency . The temperature dependent part of the effective soft mode frequency is due to defect . The influence of defect and electric field on this mode also affect the interaction of soft mode with other modes , thus giving rise to defect and field dependences of various dynamic properties .
The Lost Letters of Pergamum, by Bruce W. Longnecker, is a story of letters being exchanged between characters Antipas and Luke. Antipas is a civic leader of Rome and Luke is the writer of the Gospel of Luke and the book of Acts. This book was written to give the modern reader a glimpse into the context of Christianity and the first century church. Longnecker conveys the life of Christ through the letters and the effects of his life on the culture. Throughout the book we see clear differences between the Roman Empire and Christianity and by the end of the letters we witness Antipas go through a dramatic change in heart and character.
Lyudmila Pavlichenko was a celebrated Ukrainian Soviet sniper in the World War II. She is the most famous of the snipers and is credited with 300+ confirmed kills. She is often known as the most successful female military sniper of all time. Pavlichenko was born on 12th July in 1916 in Bila Tserkva (former Ukrainian Soviet Nation). While at the age of 14 years in 1930, Pavlichenko moved with her family to Kyiv. She started working at the Kiev Arsenal Factory as a grinder.While working at the ammunition company, Pavlichenko also developed her amateur sharpshooting skills as a member of the OSOAVIAKhIM shooting club. In 1937, Pavlichenko graduated from the Kyiv University with a master’s degree in history. She majored on the life of popular Ukrainian
The endothermic melting temperature for Ptx, blank S-SEDDS, physical mixture of Ptx/blank S-SEDDS, and Ptx-loaded S-SEDDS was determined by DSC 2920. Samples were scanned from 30 to 250 °C at a rate of 10 °C /min. In all the cases, an empty pan was used as the reference. XRD patterns of Ptx, blank S-SEDDS, physical mixture of Ptx/blank S-SEDDS and Ptx-loaded S-SEDDS were recorded using an X'Pert PRO Multipurpose X-Ray diffractometer equipped with CuKα radiation (40 kV, 20 mA). The 2θ scanning range was varied from 2° to 50°.
As tetragonal phase has high toughness and high strength, additional stabiliser such as Yttria can maintain the tetragonal phase of zirconia at low temperature. However, degradation gradually happens in Y-TZP after a certain years, especially under hydrothermal condition.
Following the conclusion of the Second World War, the United States and the Soviet Union made it a priority to outdo each other in every possible facet from arsenals of missiles to international alliances and spheres of influences. Yet when the Soviets launched Sputnik on October 4th, 1957, the world changed forever. The first manmade object was fired into space, and it appeared that American technology and science had fallen behind. Yet, the public feared that not only were they now technologically inferior to the Soviets, but also deduced that if a satellite could be launched into space, a nuclear missile could just as likely reach the mainland United States. Less than a month later, the Soviets pushed the bounds of technology yet again by
Russian composers of Prokofiev’s time were generally restrained and classical in their approach. (In class) Prokofiev on the other hand was known for his romantic tendencies for which he was scorned. However, his Symphony no.1 is known as his “classical” symphony as it is extremely classical in form and was written according to classical design attempting to emulate the style of Haydn. Similarities between Prokofiev’s Classical Symphony no.1 and Haydn include its orchestrion size and use of the sonata allegro form, of which is classical. Although Prokofiev's symphony is classical in many aspects, elements of Prokofiev's unique voice are clearly heard. (Ferris)
Barium titanate is chemical compound with formula (BaTiO3) ,has perovskite structure (a group of crystalline material take it name from natural mineral perovskite (CaTiO3) with typical formula ABO3.[35] In barium titanate, (Ba:A) ion has large size (r=1.35 A), it located at the corner of unit cell and it is encompassed by (12) oxygen ion, oxygen are bound to both cation and it located at the center cubic face. While (Ti:B) are small in size (r=0.68 A), occupy the center of unit cell and are surrounded by (6) oxygen ion forming a octahedral site( TiO6). Barium titanate is formed by linking the corners of (TiO6) formed large dodecahedron hole with Ba+2 are fit at the center of the hole.[36]
The cotunnite-type phase was claimed by L. Dubrovinsky and co-authors to be the hardest known oxide with the Vickers hardness of 38 GPa and thebulk modulus of 431 GPa (i.e. close to diamond's value of 446 GPa) at atmospheric pressure.However, later studies came to different conclusions with much lower values for both the hardness (7–20 GPa, which makes it softer than common oxides like corundum Al2O3 and rutile TiO2) and bulk modulus (~300 GPa).
Ytterbium is a rare element that has just recently be found. Marignac discovered it in 1850 in Ytterby, a small village in Sweden. There was noting really know about Ytterbium until the 1950s because the element was not in a very pure form; in fact when it was first found with the monazite sand, which only contains about 0.03% Ytterbium. Ytterbium is a very weird element, the metal changes with different pressures. When the metal is at its normal state it is a conductor, but when it reaches 14,000 atmospheres of pressure it turns into a semi-conductor. Sense ytterbium changes with pressure; it is used in many different technological devices. For example, many different skydivers, or
Broomhilda and Eliza both are very attractive women who has the same personality and can be easily charmed by men. Broomhilda Von Shaft is the wife of Django and the former slave of Calvin Candie. Eliza Harris, wife of George Harris, is a relatively privileged slave of the Shelby’s and a devout Christian. Both Broomhilda and Eliza, one being a white women and the other being black were slaves and their masters were very rude to them. I want to show how women in movies or plays who are nice can be treated very badly sometimes while trying to prove their loyalty. In Django Unchained Broomhilda at the beginning when we see her is naked and locked in an underground torture chamber just because she tried to escape from the plantation. She is married to Django who is one of the main characters of the movie and they both separate ways after being sold by the
In The Complete Maus, by Art Spiegelman, a son of the Holocaust survivor, Art Spiegelman, learns the story of his father, Vladek Spiegelman. Art Spiegelman learns the causes of why his father acts the way he does and the reason for the eccentric nature he has. Although Vladek Spiegelman physically survives the Holocaust, his actions show that he is psychologically affected by his experience in the camps.
Believe that you are living in a world of gunfire, betrayal and people saying every man for themselves. Just trying to survive, make choices that will cause life or death and all this is happening because of your religion. You just want to survive, so you need to be resourceful. Thus maybe creating luck for you. You can use your skill only to help your love ones and especially you to survive that world of survival of the fittest.
Thus, a structronic shell is an active and adaptive system whose static and dynamic characteristics can be actively tuned and controlled to meet its performance requirement as uncertain circumstances occur [5]. Piezoelectric shells, continua, and distributed systems have been investigated for years and their theories and mathematical models are relatively well established. Electrostrictive effects in ferroelectric material were first observed in early 50s. Electrostrictive shells were initially evaluated and mathematical models were established. Unlike the linear dependence of piezoelectric materials, the induced strain in electrostrictive material is a quadratic function of applied electric field [5]. The low hysteresis and the high induced actuation authority of electrostrictive actuators would potentially contribute a breakthrough in actuation and control applications. However, there are certain ferroelectric materials, e.g., barium titanate (BaTiO3), possessing dual electrostrictive and piezoelectric characteristics depending on the Curie
air as well as directly to the atmosphere, resulting in a louder tone. A hard
Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are two very well-known theorists who emphasized the development of cognition in their theories. In Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental theory, he claimed that children go through a series of stages, which he used to describe human development. In Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Learning, he believed culture and social interaction played a role in cognitive development. Although Piaget and Vygotsky both focused their theories on cognitive development they take different stances a series of developmental issues. This paper will look at the similarities and differences between these theorist’s views on critical developmental issues, such as view of human nature, mechanisms of development, and their