Peritonitis indicates an inflammatory response of the peritoneal layer in the abdominal cavity that arises due to an activation of local mediator cascades by different stimuli. Depending on the pathogenesis, it can be classified into three specific types: primary, secondary or tertiary peritonitis, each representing a distinct clinical entity. Peritoneal mesothelial cells are not inactive cells, but play essential roles in peritoneal homeostasis and synthesize a plethora of cytokines, growth factors, proteases and matrix proteins. Peritonitis causes severe injury to those cells, peritoneal host defense as a whole, as well as the maintenance of the peritoneal membrane structure. In most of the different forms of peritonitis, there is a principal, …show more content…
The Gram-negative aerobic bacteria are the major factor in the development of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (most notably Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae), but Staphylococcus aureus and other Gram-positive bacteria are being considered as emerging agents causing this inflammation. Anaerobes and microaerophilic organisms are still infrequently reported. In prepubescent girls, the pathogenesis of primary peritonitis is often related to an ascending infection of genital origin, as suggested by the simultaneous presence of pneumococci in vaginal secretions and peritoneal fluid. Alkaline vaginal secretions in this age group are less inhibitory to bacterial growth in comparison to the acidic secretions of postpubescent …show more content…
Other described risk factors are serum bilirubin concentration above 2.5 mg/dL, variceal bleeding, and a prior episode of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Causes of secondary and tertiary peritonitis Secondary peritonitis arises as a result of an inflammatory process in the peritoneal cavity secondary to inflammation, perforation, or gangrene of an intra-abdominal or retroperitoneal structure. Some of the more common causes include appendicitis, pancreatitis, diverticulitis, acute cholecystitis and perforated peptic ulcer. Other nonbacterial causes of peritonitis include leakage of the blood into the peritoneal cavity due to a rupture of a tubal pregnancy, ovarian cyst or aneurysmal vessel. As blood is highly irritating to the peritoneum, it may cause abdominal pain akin to septic peritonitis. Aseptic peritonitis may also be caused if a sterile foreign body is inadvertently left in the peritoneal cavity after surgery (for example, surgical sponges, instruments or starch from surgical gloves). This condition can also be a complication of certain systemic diseases such as porphyria, systemic lupus erythematosus or familial Mediterranean
“Crohn’s disease appears to be caused by a dysfunctional inflammatory response in the gastrointestinal tract” (U. S. News, 2009). Inflammation is the body’s natural way to heal by sending immune cells to the site of the injury or invader. Researchers think that this immune system response may be triggered by bacteria or viruses, material in the intestinal contents, or a defective signal from the body’s own cells, called an autoimmune response. Inflammation results in pain, heat, redness, and swelling of the tissue. Chronic inflammation can harm the function of tissues and organs (U.S. News, 2009).
Causes of an Inguinal Hernia differ from person to person. During prenatal male development, the testicles descend down the Inguinal Canal, and into the soon to be developed scrotem. In some cases, adolescent and adult males have weak spots near the Inguinal Canal, where the spermatic cord enters the scrotem, leaving the perineum lining more sesceptable to develop a hernia. This is more commonly found in men, since some men don’t have an inguinal canal that properly closes after birth and development. A pre-existing weak abdominal wall is one of the most common causes of an Inguinal Hernia. The most common cause for this condition is overexertion. This includes everything from heavy lifting, straining abdominal muscles during urination and bowel movements, coughing, sneezing, and being overweight. Inguinal hernias can also develop later in life when the abdominal wall weakens due to underuse, or strenuous activity. Women are less likely to develop this type of hernia. When women are diagnosed, it is typically due to pregnancy, overexertion of the abdominal wall, or a combination of both.
A urinary tract infection in humans is caused when a pathogen such as Escherichia coli that normally resides in our intestinal tract is transferred through inadvertent means to a urethra. McCance (20...
The scientific name of a kidney infection is known as pyelonephritis. There are two types of pyelonephritis infections, acute and chronic. Acute pyelonephritis is sudden and limited and can be cured/treated using antibiotics. However, if it is a chronic infection, it is long-lasting and occurs due to birth defects; it can lead to scarring in the kidneys, as well. Kidney infections can occur in both men and women. Although, according to Chih-Yen’s study of chronic infection, “Females (36.1%, 60/166) were more prone to have upper UTIs than males (11.8%, 13/110)” (Chih-Yeh, 2014; Chih-Yeh et al., 2014). In addition, age is not an important number due to the presence of Escherichia coli present in everyone’s body. It is dependent on time and health of an individual for the infection to present itself. Moreover, a study on children and adolescent transplantation concluded that, “UTI was uncommon in children after the first month of transplantation. Two significant risk factors for UTI were female gender and neurogenic bladder in this transplant population” (Fallahzadeh, 2011; Fallahzadeh et al., 2011). From the peer-reviewed papers, it is clear that females are more prone to UTI infection, overall, than
In untreated gonorrhea infections, the bacteria can spread up into the reproductive tract, or more rarely, can spread through the blood stream and infect the joints, heart valves, or the brain. The most common result of untreated gonorrhea is PID, a serious infection of the female reproductive organs. Gonococcal PID often appears immediately after the menstrual period. PID causes scar tissue to form in the fallopian tubes. If the tube is only partially scarred, the fertilized egg cannot pass into the uterus.
Besides regulating hemostasis, endothelial cells also possess important functions like permeability, regulation of vascular tone, immunity, leukocyte trafficking, inflammation and angiogenesis among others.[1][2][3].
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection of the urinary tract. The urinary tract is the body's drainage system for removing wastes and extra water. Urinary tract infections can have different names, depending on what part of the urinary tract is infected. The infection can include the bladder, kidneys, ureters, or the urethra. If the infection is in the bladder it is called “cystitis” or a bladder infection. If the infection is in the kidneys is it called “pyelonephritis” or a kidney infection? If the infection is in the urethra it is called “urethritis”. Most urinary tract infections are bladder infections. Infections in the ureters are very rare. Everyone is at risk of getting a UTI allowing bacteria to grow in the urine that stays
The disease occurs when pouches in the large intestine become infected and inflamed, Symptoms may include but not limited to severe abdominal pain often in the lower left side of the abdomen, constipation, diarrhea, nausea and fever.
FR is a 67 year old woman with chronic lower extremity edema and right lower extremity cellulitis, who has been managed with ciproflaxin, having failed outpatient treatment. Now is admitted for antibiotics and wound care after presenting to clinic on day of admission. The patient also has been complaining of poor p.o. intake for the last week or so due to poor appetite and some chills. Also notes some falls, 2 times in the last week or so. Several days prior to admit, had a fall while trying to have a bowel movement, which resulted in incontinence. While running to the bathroom, she slipped and fell on a stool, hit her head on the toilet, and passed out as a result. She did not present to medical care at that time, but in the ED during this presentation she had a normal CAT scan of her abdomen. Chest x-ray was also normal. Vitals were unremarkable, without any evidence of SIRS physiology. Prior cultures grew MSSA resistant to clindamycin, levo, penicillin, and pseudomonas pan sensitive.
Bacterial vaginosis is identified with patient with high incidence of endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease status post abortion and/or gynecological procedures (Hainer & Gibson, 2011). This vaginal infection, bacterial vaginosis, has been associated with status post and postpartum endometritis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and during pregnancy, late fetal loss and spontaneous preterm birth (Verstraelen, Verhelst, Vaneechoutte, & Temmerman, 2010).
Another early complication is infection. Some causative organisms of infection are skin flora and colonic flora. Colonic flora are caused by the dirty environment of the diaper. Most infections can be prevented with good hygiene procedures, including local wound care. Good hygiene includes washing hands prior to and after changing baby’s diaper. Wound care includes thoroughly cleaning the penis and an application of antibiotic ointment with each diaper change. Severe infections including necrotizing fasciitis, have been reported as
The patient presented to our group is a 68 year old African American woman who has a history of hypertension, apparent asthma, hyperlipidemia, and osteoarthritis. She has had a hysterectomy and a family history of noncontributory. Home medications consist of Spironalactone 50mg p.o. daily. Patient lives at home with her family; she hasn’t had any form of tobacco in over 30 years and does not consume any form of alcohol. Client was in her typical state of health up until last Tuesday; which is when she began to have lower quadrant abdominal pain. Subjective data collected was “there was more pain on the right side than the left”. Patient also described the pain as “intermittent, sharp, and a crampy sensation”. Other contributing symptoms that she expressed were nausea, 1-2 days of vomiting, fever, chills, decreased appetite, and some urinary frequency. Upon admission an assessment was performed; vital signs are in acceptable range, temp is 98.5, HR 93, respiratory rate is 20, and BP is 113/62. Patient appears to be mildly ill, lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally, abdomen is soft, mild lower quadrant abdominal tenderness.
wards. Clinical Microbiology And Infection: The Official Publication Of The European Society Of Clinical Microbiology And Infectious Diseases, 18(12), 1215-1217. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03735.x
Appendicitis is a condition in which the appendix is swollen, inflamed, and filled with pus. Appendicitis can strike at any age of a person’s life, and once it does, the appendix must be removed. Appendicitis has two main causes: infection and obstruction. Infection caused
Sepsis is a critical condition caused by an overreacting immune response to an infection. Most of the time, such infection are caused by bacteria. When a person is being infected, chemicals are released into the bloodstream to fight off infection. This may result in multiples inflammation found within the body. Inflammation can trigger a cascade of event which may cause multiple organ damage, leading to multiple failure of organs where the body is unable to function normally. In worst scenario, infection can lead to an increase in low blood pressure which rapidly leads to the failure of several organs causing death. Besides causing inflammation, it also causes increased in coagulation, decreased fibrinolysis and decreases the amount of activated protein C in the body (Tazbir, 2004).