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hostage negotiation process
hostage negotiation process
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On the morning of August 23, 1973, an escaped convict entered a busy bank in Stockholm, Sweden. The criminal pulled a gun out that he had hidden under his jacket and began to fire at the ceiling. These gunshots alerted everyone in the bank that their was a threat to their safety. A police officer was also alerted, by a silent alarm, and was wounded by the criminal while attempting to stop the robbery. The criminals intent was only to rob the bank but he found himself in a predicament and took four bank employees as hostages. These four hostages were strapped with dynamite and held in the bank’s vault. The criminal began negotiating with police. He asked for $700,000 in Swedish and foreign currency, a getaway car and the release of a …show more content…
They create an imbalance in the relationship by controlling all aspects of it. They also threaten the victim with death or injury. These situations can cause the victim to express an unconscious and desperate act of self-preservation. The example of this would be the kidnapping of newspaper heiress Patricia Hearst. In 1974, after ten weeks in captivity, Patty helped her kidnappers rob a bank in California (Patty Hearst kidnapped). Despite her claim that she was brainwashed by her captors, she was convicted and sentenced to seven years in prison. Her sentence was commuted after twenty-one months and she was later pardoned by President Clinton in 2001(Patty Hearst kidnapped). Another example would be at age fourteen, Emily Smart was kidnapped from her home. She did not attempt to escape her captors even though she was tethered to a tree, raped daily and cut off from all contact with the outside world. She testified after her rescue that she did not run away or reveal her true identity to people she came into contact with when her captors took her out in public. Elizabeth Smart commented that,” you don’t need to have affection for a captor in order to be compliant-fear is enough(2010, November 13).” This proves that the survival instinct is at the heart of Stockholm syndrome.
Victims of Stockholm syndrome can exhibit insomnia, nightmares, general irritability, difficulty concentrating, confusion, distrust and flashbacks (Stockholm Syndrome). Victims can experience the same “gut” feelings, the same smells, the sense of terror, and all the other emotions they experienced at the time of the crisis. This is called emotional memory. It is your brain’s way of protecting you. This automatic function can make coping after Stockholm syndrome
Justice was not served in the controversial nature of the Bernhard Goetz subway shooting trial. After shooting four black teenagers, Bernhard Goetz turned himself into the police in Concord, New Hampshire. He was denominated, “The Subway Vigilante”. This case was brought to court approximately two years later, where Bernhard Goetz would ultimately be voted guilty of one count of illegal firearms possession, and served just six months in jail. Following the trials, questions are still being asked if justice has been served.
Numerous murders have taken place throughout history and sadly, plenty of these murders go unsolved. One of these unsolved murders is the murders of Barbara and Patricia Grimes in 1957. There have been plenty of suspects, but nobody was ever convicted of the murders of the sisters. However, after reviewing possible suspects for the murders of the Grimes sisters, the true identity of the killer has been revealed as Max Fleig.
Video of Bank Robbery (link). Famous Trials. UMKC School of Law, 2006. Web. 18 Jan. 2014. .
There have been several women who have been able to escape from their captors and get help to recover from the traumas they endured. According to reporter, Naomi Martin (2013), “Clemmie Greenlee, a former victim of sex tr...
The Grim Sleeper is one of the most gruesome serial killers cases known in United States. The case dumbfounded LAPD for years. The Grim Sleeper left fear in the women of Los Angeles especially African American women who were the target of this merciless serial killer and rapist. The Grim Sleeper case was infamous due to his string of murders spanning through almost three decades.The coalition launched a media campaign and set a monetary reward aiming to capture the killer. Motivations involved in serial killings are fears of rejection, power, and perfection. Serial killers tend to be insecure, and irrationally scared of rejection. Serial killers tend to avoid developing painful relationships. They are terrified of being abandoned, humiliated,
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is defined by our book, Abnormal Psychology, as “an extreme response to a severe stressor, including increased anxiety, avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, and symptoms of increased arousal.” In the diagnosis of PTSD, a person must have experienced an serious trauma; including “actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation.” In the DSM-5, symptoms for PTSD are grouped in four categories. First being intrusively reexperiencing the traumatic event. The person may have recurring memories of the event and may be intensely upset by reminders of the event. Secondly, avoidance of stimuli associated with the event, either internally or externally. Third, signs of mood and cognitive change after the trauma. This includes blaming the self or others for the event and feeling detached from others. The last category is symptoms of increased arousal and reactivity. The person may experience self-destructive behavior and sleep disturbance. The person must have 1 symptom from the first category, 1 from the second, at least 2 from the third, and at least 2 from the fourth. The symptoms began or worsened after the trauma(s) and continued for at least one
PTSD, also known as post-traumatic stress disorder, is an anxiety disorder. It affects people that have experienced, witnessed, or were confronted with a life threatening event. It can cause flashbacks, depression, nightmares, and change of mood. Other common symptoms of PTSD are difficulty sleeping, anger outbursts, decreased interest in activities, avoidance of people and places that can trigger a memory, and inability to recall part of the trauma. Symptoms can occur right after the incident but also much later in life. Other common occurrences with PTSD are depression, suicide, and alcohol or drug abuse (FAQs about PTSD).
The psychological abuse that the four suspects were exposed to made them make a wrong confession. In addition, being in an environment where the interrogation room is tight and dark increased the suspect’s anxiety. Moreover, the Frontline documentary stated that the suspects were held in custody for long hours with Robert Ford who used threatening language in order to make them confess. Not only that the suspects made a false confession, but they also told Ford different stories on how they murdered the victim. The coercive interrogatories, led Joe Dick to accept the label Ford put on him and the others. Although Ford was supposed to act just, he acted upon his self interest. Thus, he denied all facts because of fear of embarrassment of being wrong. However, after serving many years in prison, the four suspects were released to face stigmatization and labeling from the society. Indeed, this case proved that there is a malfunction in the justice system and that there’s a need for an immediate
Many times, the victim is by themselves, with fellow victims, or with their own children produced through this horrible event. Victims can easily feel isolated and naturally, like all humans, look for someone to love and bond with, this person could be their abuser, this is called Stockholm Syndrome. Stockholm Syndrome is a group of psychological problems that are shown in people held captive. It comes from a famous bank robbery in Stockholm, Sweden in 1973. The bank robber took three women and one man captive for over 130 hours. When the victims were eventually released, they seemed to have an emotional bond with their abuser, and came to see the police as their enemies rather than the bank robber (Stockholm Syndrome). These people were only held for 5 days, (compared to decades that some sex trafficking victims are held), and they already formed a bond with the abuser. It is not uncommon for sex trafficking victims to become emotionally connected to their abuser. Their abuser is the one giving them the things they need to survive, telling them any news or information, and providing drugs and alcohol. Victims can view these actions as kindness from their abuser, causing them to want to connect with them more. When the victim knows that they could be raped every night, but instead their abuser only does it once a
PTSD is defined as mental health disorder triggered by a terrifying event (Mayoclinic). This ordeal could be the result of some sort of physical harm or threat to the individual, family members, friends or even strangers. (NIMH) While PTSD is typically associated with someone who has served in the military, it can affect more than just that genre of individuals. It could affect rape victims, victims in a terrorist or natural disaster incident, nurses, doctors, and police and fire personnel and bystanders. PTSD can manifest itself in many forms. The primary signs and symptoms of PTSD include but are not limited to re-experiencing symptoms (flashbacks, bad dreams, frightening thoughts), avoidance of places, situations, or events that may cause those memories to resurface, and hyperarousal symptoms (easily startled, feeling tense or on edge) (NIMH). Other symptoms may include not having positive or loving feelings toward other people, staying away from relationships, may forget about parts of the traumatic event or not be able to talk about them, may think the world is completely dangerous, and no one can be trusted.
Rather than capital punishment, “Swedish prison systems gradually gained a reputation as a relatively open system with liberal policies for visitors & furloughs,” (von Hofer p. 171), “the breakthrough of imprisonment in Sweden occurred in the first half of the nineteenth century, during the period from 1810-1840 the number of prisoners quadrupled,”(Nilsson, R. (2003). The point Sweden was trying to make in the early days of the prison system was that social control is a necessity for the overall safety of society. The responsibility of Sweden’s prisons relies on the National Prison Board, which has made reforms and adjustments to the daily operations of prisons since they became centralized. Swedish prisons changed dramatically during the nineteenth century and, “the new disciplinary techniques had become formalized in a minutely worked-out system of rules, comprising every part and every phase of the activities inside the prisons. The nineteenth century prison broke the connection between the criminal and society,” (Nilsson, R.
Persons found guilty of committing the crime of kidnapping risk being imprisoned or heavily find. Additionally, during a kidnap some other offense might occur such as assault and battery. False Imprisonment and Kidnapping are comparative terms but unmistakable as per their legal definitions. While both include persuasively taking an individual away without his consent, false imprisonment is more correctly used in particular cases where a person is confined in a bounded place and denied his or her freedom. Kidnapping is a broader term and includes the unlawful taking of an individual without his consent using threats, deceit, or force with an end goal of confining him or her (Robbins, 2014).
Trauma is a psychological reaction to sudden traumatic events and overwhelming issues from outside. Additionally, the exposure to activities that are outside the human’s normal experiences. Traumatic events become external and incorporate into the mind (Bloom, 1999, p. 2). Traumatization happens when the internal and external forces do not appropriately cope with the external threat. Furthermore, trauma causes problems because the client’s mind and body react in a different way and their response to social groups. The symptoms of trauma relate to irritability, intrusive thoughts, panic and anxiety, dissociation and trance-like states, and self-injurious behaviors (Bloom, 1999, p. 2). Childhood trauma happens when they live in fear for the lives of someone they love (Bloom, 1999, p. 2). Judith Herman’s trauma theory states that the idea of repressed memories relates to unconscious behavior. These repressed behaviors include those inhibited behaviors relate to memories of childhood abuse. From McNally’s point of view memories of trauma cannot be repressed especially those that are more violent (Suleiman, 2008, p. 279). In addition, one of the theories used to dealing with trauma includes the coping theory. With situations, people tend to use problem-solving and emotion-focused coping. Emotion-focused coping happens when people are dealing with stressors. When the stressors become more
The definition of kidnapping is taking away a person against his or her will through force or threat and holding such person in false imprisonment; holding a person without any legal authority or right to do so. There are many reasons this horrible crime is committed. Some kidnap for ransom, to succeed in other crimes, gain custody of their child, and even political reasons. Although most of us associate strangers to be the committers of such a crime, a lot of victims are actually kidnapped by someone they know or even a relative ("Criminal Law Lawyer Source").
... event and tend to be emotionally numb” (Anxiety Disorders). PTSD leads to flashbacks and behavioral changes to try to avoid anything that might remind the affected individual of the traumatic experience.