This essay shall discuss the pathophysiology, prevalence and symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes. As well as, factors that may affect patients’ health. As well as, three health goals to self-manage diabetes including nutrition, exercise and glucose monitoring. This shall also further discuss the three main components of self-management control such as life style, education and referral. Lastly, the role of a nurse working with the patient and with the multidisciplinary team.
The pathophysiology of diabetes type 2 (T2DM) is the development of impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance. Impaired insulin secretion is the reduction in glucose responsiveness which can occur pre-onset. Impaired glucose tolerance is both activated by a decrease in glucose responsiveness and a decrease in insulin secretion after meals. This in turn can lead to postprandial hyperglycemia. Impaired insulin secretion is often
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A large number of people with type 2 diabetes can also experience metabolic features such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia and an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (Skyler et al., 2017).
Prevalence
In the US, approximately 95% of the 30 million people are diagnosed with T2DM. T2DM incidence increases among the youth particularly among certain racial and ethnic groups with high risk for developing T2DM and T2DM complications. Also, worldwide there is a high prevalence of T2DM predominantly in East Asia, South Asia and Australia which have more adults with diabetes than others. The risk of being susceptible to developing T2DM is associated of individuals of low socioeconomic background (Skyler et al., 2017).
The rate of diabetes in Australia has demonstrated an increase of 3.8% in 2007-08. Within this period 88% of the Australian population reported they had Type 2 Diabetes. Around 77% of these people were aged 45 years and over (ABS, 2011).
Diabetes education is a structured education and self-management (at diagnosis and regularly reviewed and reinforced) to promote awareness. Diet and lifestyle, healthy diet, weight loss if the person is overweight, smoking cessation, regular physical exercise. Maximizing glucose control while minimizing adverse effects of treatment such as hypoglycemia. Reduction of other risk factors for complications of diabetes, including the early detection and management of hypertension, drug treatment to modify lipid levels and consideration of antiplatelet therapy with aspirin. Early intervention for complications of diabetes,, including cardiovascular disease, feet problems, eye problems, kidney problems and neuropathy.
The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus in is related to the insulin hormone. Insulin is secreted by cells in the pancreas and is responsible for regulating the level of glucose in the bloodstream. It also aids the body in breaking down the glucose to be used as energy. When someone suffers from diabetes, however, the body does not break down the glucose in the blood as a result of abnormal insulin metabolism. When there are elevated levels of glucose in the blood, it is known as hyperglycemia. If the levels continue to remain high over an extended period of time, damage can be done to the kidneys, cardiovascular systems; you can get eye disorders, or even cause nerve damage. When the glucose levels are low in one’s body, it is called hypoglycemia. A person begins to feel very jittery, and possibly dizzy. If that occurs over a period of time, the person can possibly faint. Diabetes mellitus occurs in three different forms - type 1, type 2, and gestational.
Accordingto Diabetes UK (2012) “There are currently 3.8 million people in the UK with diabetes, including an estimated 850,000 people who have Type 2 diabetes but do not know it.” Helping to shape their services and work, Diabetes UK makes sure to involve people affected by and at risk of diabetes no matter what ethnic background they come from. From support and care to preventing, campaigning, fundraising and researching, they work to take on the fastest growing epidemic in the UK.
The prevalence of diabetes according to the CDC is 26 million Americans currently diagnosed with diabetes, 79 million with pre-diabetes, and 7 million unaware they have diabetes.1 Diabetes is currently more prevalent in the western countries due to physical inactivity and obesity, but as more Eastern countries develop the western lifestyle it becomes an increasing worldwide epidemic.1 The risk for developing type 2 diabetes increases with age (especially after age 40), but is increasing most rapidly in the adolescent and young generation.1 It is therefore critical that education as well as drug therapies are implemented to decrease the rising prevalence of this illness.
Wang, Z., Hoy, W. E., & Si, D. (2010). Incidence of type 2 diabetes in aboriginal australians: An 11-year prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 10(1), 487-487. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-487
Diabetes is a disease that affects the body’s ability to produce or respond to insulin, a hormone that allows blood glucose (blood sugar) to enter the cells of the body and be used for energy. Diabetes falls into two main categories: type 1, or juvenile diabetes, which usually occurs during childhood or adolescence, and type 2, or adult-onset diabetes, the most common form of the disease, usually occurring after age 40. Type 1 results from the body’s immune system attacking the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. The onset of juvenile diabetes is much higher in the winter than in the summer. This association has been repeatedly confirmed in diabetes research. Type 2 is characterized by “insulin resistance,” or an inability of the cells to use insulin, sometimes accompanied by a deficiency in insulin production. There is also sometimes a third type of diabetes considered. It is gestational diabetes, which occurs when the body is not able to properly use insulin during pregnancy. Type 2 diabetes encompasses nine out of 10 diabetic cases. Diabetes is the fifth-deadliest disease in the United States, and it has no cure. The total annual economic cost of diabetes in 2002 was estimated to be $132 billion, or one out of every 10 health care dollars spent in the United States. Diabetes risk factors can fall into three major categories: family history, obesity, and impaired glucose tolerance. Minority groups and elderly are at the greatest risk of developing diabetes.
P ICOT? Individuals with type II diabetes as well as their families and their healthcare professionals are impacted by this problem. The intervention identified as best practice focus on direct nursing support as the most effective management in diabetes patients. Interventions focused on management strategies prescribed by nurse practioners and medical doctors. The study results indicate that the use of direct patient support provided by nurse practioners were most effective for compliance and increasing management in diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is a progressive condition occurring in adults over 45 years but is now increasing in younger age groups such as children, adolescents and young adults. With type 2 diabetes the body becomes resistant and the insulin gradually loses that capacity to produce enough insulin to the pancreas. Diabetes is the fastest growing chronic condition in Australia. The numbers with people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes is increasing. In the past year more than 100,000 people have been diagnosed with diabetes. (https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/diabetes-in-australia) The numbers with people having type 2 diabetes is increasing in children mainly because they are not getting the right about of exercise each day, and eating incorrectly. This is happening because of the all the new electronic gadgets. This is concerning because this disease is taking memorable years from that person’s life. An idea for treatment could be that kids and adults should manage their life style more by eating healthier and doing more exercise. They could also go to the doctors and have
Type II diabetes is a serious problem that has been increasing over the years. The CDC predicts that by the year 2050 one in every three US adults could have diabetes. Type II diabetes, happens when the body gradually loses its ability to use or produce insulin, this is the leading cause of cases of diabetes. A person with diabetes has a lot of risk factors that come with this disease. Patients with diabetes have a two to four time greater chance of having a stroke and also having a heart disease related death. Diabetes is the leading cause of new blindness and non traumatic amputations.
Diabetes Melitus Type 2 (T2DM) from the biomedical model and social models of health have important differences. This paper illustrates that the sociological approach to T2DM goes beyond the pathophysiology of the biomedical model and is founded on the premise that social factors impact health. An overview of the biomedical model and discussion of T2DM within this model is followed by a description of the sociological model with a discussion of T2DM within this model. Evidence will support the assertion that using a sociological approach will add to the understanding of the sociological factors contributing to the development of T2DM.
As diabetes mellitus has 3 different forms, the following report will focus primarily on type 2 diabetes as it is the most prevalent, accounting for 85% of cases (Austalian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2013).
Diabetes is one of the growing health issues worldwide (Magliano et al 2008). Type 2 diabetes is a common and rapidly increasing disease. Globally around four million people die in each year due to the complication of diabetes and their life expectancy has been reduced by 15 years in average (Vuori 2007). The Number of type 2 diabetes patients is expected to increase further by the year 2030 and it is expected to be double the current figuring (Vuori 2007). People with Type 2 diabetes are at higher increasing rate in Australia over coming decades as the population ages and become more overweight (Magliano et al 2008). The Australian population consists of migrants from different parts of the world. Proportionally, people born in overseas have high risk of developing Type 2 diabetes than the people born in Australia (Liu et al 2009). Therefore, there is a high possibility of many people in Australian being affected by diabetess in the near ...
Polonsky, W.H (2006). ’Encouraging effective self-management in diabetes.’ In: k101 An introduction to health and social care, resources, Block 3, pg19, Milton Keynes, The open university.
Since Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is one of the most common health challenges world-wide, I am going to further incorporate the topic in my paper. Through academic research and resources, in my first paragraph I will be providing the health promotion definition along with expressing the importance for patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. My second paragraph will display the pathophysiology to help comprehend how this health challenge is present in the body. Health promotion interventions will also be incorporated with ideas and specific information to aid individuals in promoting health and preventing development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Diabetes is a common disease, which can be a serious, life-long illness caused by high levels of glucose in the blood. This condition is when the body cannot produce insulin or lack of insulin production from the beta cells in the islet of Langerhans in the pancreas. Diabetes can cause other health problems over time. Eye, kidneys, and nerves can get damaged and chances of stroke are always high. Because of the serious complications, the purposes of teaching a plan for diabetes patients are to optimize blood glucose control, optimize quality of life, and prevent chronic and potentially life-threatening complications.