Part of the Neurons affected by SSRI Inhibitor/Prozac
Pharmacological Effects
SSRI selectively blocked the reuptake of 5HT through their
inhibiting effects on the Na+/K+ adenosine triphosphatase
(ATPase) dependant carrier in presynaptic neurons.
A standard TCA such as amitriptyline, which has about an
equal tendency to block neuronal reuptake of 5HT and
norepinephrine, Fluoxetine in 200 times more selective in
blocking the reuptake of 5HT than of norepinephrine. Florentine
is approximately 4 times as potent as 5-HT reuptake inhibitor in
vito as is amitriptyline and paroxetine is approximately 80
times as potent an inhibitor as amitriplyline.
Of the five available SSRI's, paroxetine and citalopram
appear to be the most potent 5HT uptake blockers. The reuptake
blocking properties of the SSRI's enhance general serotonergic
tone in at least two distinct steps. Initially the SSRI's
contribute to a significant increase in the availability of 5HT
in the synaptic cleft.
Serotonin (5HT) interacts with multiple brain receptors.
Three receptors subtype to influences a wide range of behaviors.
There main families of 5HT receptors (5HT, 5HT2, 5HT3) have been
described which differ in their binding affinity for selective
ligands their receptor effectors coupling mechanism and the
behavioral processes they regulate. Manipulation of several
different %HT receptor subtypes (5HT1A, 5HTIC, 5HT2 and may
produce anxiolytic effects; 5HTIA and 5HT2 receptors maybe
involved in the etiology of major depression and the therapeutic
effects of antidepressants treatment. 5HT3 receptors have been
linked to reward mechanisms and cognitive processes. These
advances offer therapeutic possibilities, the ...
... middle of paper ...
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Treating depressive and bipolar disorders with antidepressants remains a popular option in clinical practice. Most clinicians choose the drug or class of drugs, usually selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SSRI's, that is most effective and best tolerated with fewer severe side effects. These drugs are beneficial because they specifically target serotonin-based areas of the brain without affecting other neurotransmitter systems. SSRI's largely replaced tricyclic antidepressants which work by blocking the absorption (reuptake) of the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine, thereby increasing the levels of these two neurotransmitters in the brain. Tricyclic antidepressants present severe side effects and thus are usually only used when other treatments have failed. If SSRI's or tricyclics are not effective Monoamine oxidase inhibitors may be prescribed. MAOI's, enhance tyramine to increase norepinephrine and serotonin. While taking MAOI's you must abstain from foods and alcohol that contain tyramine such as, yogurt, aged cheese, and substances such as cold medications. This is because a potential toxic reaction could occur. Additionally, other antidepressants may be utilized such as Wellbutrin (bupropion) an NDRI-
S, L. (2002, March 12). Arch Wired. Retrieved February 19, 2014, from A brief history of braces: http://www.archedwire.com/HistoryofOrtho.htm
One way orthodontic braces are the world’s greatest invention is they prevent embarrassment and boost your s...
Nine times out of ten, the idea of getting braces would instantly be met with resistance and dread by anyone, but more so by teens and young adults. It seems that wearing braces is always followed by the stigma of pain, discomfort, and being labelled as "geeky". But despite the slight pain and discomfort, braces get an important job done--that of straightening crooked, misaligned teeth, or correcting one's bite. See, it's not really as bad as you think it is because braces have a purpose. Fortunately, there is now the Invisalign treatment. It's a more pleasant alternative to wearing traditional metal braces--invisible braces.
In high school, Disney took photography and drawing classes and at night he went to classes at The Chicago Art Institute. Disney quit high school when he was 16, joining the Red Cross and going to France to drive an ambulance. He stayed in France for a year and when he returned to the United States his brother, Roy, got him a job at an art studio. He left the art studio for a job at the Kansas City Film Ad Company where he learned to use cutout animation to make commercials. Considering all of his talents, Disney made the decision to open his own animation business (Biography.com)
Born on December 5th, 1901, Walter Elias Disney, grew up in Chicago, Illinois with his parents and four other brothers and sister. His father, Elias Disney, an Irish-Canadian, whom he inherited his name from, and his mother, Flora Call Disney, who was of German-American descent. They raised him in Chicago until they day they moved to Marceline, Missouri. Walter Disney spent his younger years taking an interest in art classes and writing activities and also the scenery around him. His family farm was placed in the countryside, near the Santa Fe Railroad tracks. Walter enjoyed his time spent outside listening to the trains pass by. It allowed him to imagine new things. He had a large imagination, growing with every activity he performed his talents in. Walter Disney took on his main talent of drawing. He began to doodle and sketch regularly. It became his favorite past time and he began to focus more on his drawings and animations then he did school. Since his drawings were becoming his main priority, Walter Disney began to sell his better d...
In 1910, two years after Walt’s brothers Herbert and Raymond ran away, Elias contracted typhoid fever. As farm upkeep became too difficult, the Disney family moved to Kansas City, where Roy left home to work as a bank teller. When Walt was 16, he and the remaining family members once again moved, this time returning to Chicago. Walt soon enlisted with the Red Cross Ambulance Unit. In 1919, he returned home, but soon became upset as his father disapproved his dream of being a cartoonist. Walt decided to leave home, going to Kansas City as to be with Roy. He would soon begin to develop his dreams.
Psychopharmacology has played a huge role in my life since I was about 9 years old, but recently, I have discovered that many people in my family have had similar struggles to mine. My beliefs, values, and attitudes regarding psychotropic medication have been formed from my family's and my experiences with mental health treatment. This has lead to some biases, which will likely impact my practice and potentially present some challenges, but there are many ways to combat these biases and utilize my experiences and beliefs in a way that positively shapes my practice and relationship with clients, whether we (myself, them, and their family) choose psychotropic medication as a treatment or not.
“Walter Elias Disney was born December 5, 1901, in Chicago, Illinois, to Elias and Flora Disney…Walt’s parents …decided to move closer to family on a farm outside of Marceline, Missouri, in 1906…It was here that he began to draw animals and indulge his imagination. Walt’s exposure to rural life influenced him throughout his career.” (Jolley) When reading about Walt’s early history, it’s noticeable that he came from very humble circumstances. The places he lived, and the experiences he had, shaped his life dramatically. He was an imaginative and hardworking person from the start. “ Walt was only nine years old when he had to get up at 3:30 a.m., seven days a week, to fold and deliver papers for two hours before attending…school” (Jolley) By working at such a young age, life lessons of perseverance and dedication was instilled into his values at a very early.
Christianity is a monotheistic religion, which means people of that faith believe in one God. Christianity is based on the life and teachings of Jesus. Most Christians believe that Jesus is the son of God, and the savior of humanity. Christians refer to Jesus as Christ, which means Messiah. Christianity is the world’s largest religion consisting of approximately 2.2 billion Christians. There are branches of Christianity, the three primary divisions are Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy and Protestantism.
Web. The Web. The Web. 1 Apr 2011. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/150999.php>.
In 1910, the Disney family moved to Kansas City. Walt helped his father’s newspaper distribution business by delivering newspapers. “Walt attended Benton School, and occasionally surprised his teachers with his talent for drawing and acting. (Disney A to Z, 143)” The family moved back to Chicago where Disney would attend McKinley High School for one year. During this time, he worked on the school newspaper doing drawing and photography. He also attended the Academy of Fine Arts at night (Disney A to Z 143).
Walt Disney’s early life and attitude impacted how he became the success that he is today. He had a harsh childhood with a relentless father, “Walt sometimes received rough treatment at the hands of his father for little or no justification. Still, he found a way to bounce back, often seeking solace in fantasy” (Watkinson and Nutile). Walt was one of four boys and their father, Elias, was very strict with them. When delivering newspapers, if Walt missed a house his father would force him to run to the houses to redeliver it. “At times the cold and his tiredness would conspire, and Walt would fall asleep, curled inside his sack of papers” (Gabler). All this hard work forced Walt to grow up quickly leaving him with virtually no childhood. “Out of this Dickensian boyhood grew Walt’s vision of escape to a utopian world. That vision, of course, would inspire his animations and theme parks” (Karlgaard). However, later in life, Walt ...
"MedlinePlus - Health Information from the National Library of Medicine." National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health. Web. 06 Mar. 2011.