Part of the Neuron Affected, Inhibitory or Excitatory Potential
Changes and Ion Channels Affected by Psilocybin
Psilocybin belongs to the classification of drugs called
hallucinogens. Hallucinogens typically act by stimulating
serotonin receptors at different times or for longer durations
than serotonin itself would (Kalat 2004). When psilocybin enters
the brain, the enzyme alkaline breaks down one of its phosphate
groups through hydrolysis. It then becomes psilocin, an even
stronger hallucinogen (Psilocybin 2003). It is particularly
potent due to the position of its hydroxyl group (Jacobs 1984).
Psilocin is a postsynaptic serotonin receptor agonist. In other
words, its similar structure allows it to mimic serotonin,
fitting into some types of serotonin receptors and producing the
same effect as endogenous serotonin (Merriam Webster 2003).
Specifically, psilocin activates the 5HT2A and 5HT1A receptors.
Stimulation of 5HT1 receptors is associated with an inhibitory
response while stimulation of the 5HT2 receptors is associated
with an excitatory response. Soma of the serotonergic neurons
are located in the midline raphe nuclei of the pons and in the
medulla oblongata. Axons extend to the basal ganglia,
hypothalamus, limbic forebrain, parts of the cerebral cortex,
and to the spinal cord (Kruk and Pycock 1979). Functions
believed to be moderated by serotonin include sleep, mood,
arousal, control of motor activity, hunger, thermoregulation,
and some neuroendocrine control mechanisms in the hypothalamus.
(Powell 2004, Kruk and Pycock 1979).
One theory states that effects caused by psilocin result from
stimulation of receptors in the raphe nuclei. According to this
theory, the...
... middle of paper ...
...ocal Net Common Molecule. (2003) Reciprocal
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http://www.reciprocalnet.org/recipnet/showsample.jsp?sampleId=27
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Rabin, Richard A., Regina, Meridith, and Doat, Mirielle J.C. 5-
HT2A Receptor-stimulated Phosphoinositide Hydrolysis in the
Stimulus Effects of Hallucinogens. (2001) Pharmacology,
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Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine
and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at
Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.
Vollenweider, Franz X, M.D., Vontobel, Peter, PhD., Hell,
Daniel, M.D., and Leenders, Klaus, M.D. (1998) 5HT Modulation of
Dopamine Release in Basal Ganglia in Psilocybin Induced
Psychosis in Man: A PET Study with [11C]raclopride.
Neuropsychopharmacology 1999, Volume 20, Number 5. (pp 424-431)
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Psychedelic drugs affect more then creativity, they are also known to have the ability to increase the users sense of spirituality and religion. In the academic journal, “Voice of The Psychonauts,” author Levente Moro explores the correlation between spirituality, and psychedelic drug use. He claims that when psychedelic drugs are taken in a “supportive” environment they have the ability to induce “deeply meaningful religious revelations and spiritual awakenings” (Moro et al. 190). Psychedelic drug use in hopes of spiritual revelations is not new, and has actually been going on for hundreds of years. The Native American Church has been known to traditionally use psychedelic drugs for spiritual experiences (Moro et al. 190). Some Mexican tribes are also known to ingest psilocybin mushrooms in order to induce religious awakenings (Moro et al. 190). To further prove his argument, Levente Moro conducted an online survey amongst 667 random people. His results suggested that people still take psychedelic drugs in order to have religious experiences, even though it is looked down upon in certain religious groups (Moro et al. 195). Levente Moro is not the only one interested in psychedelic drugs and religion. Many other scientists have also examined this theory. In the article, “Values and Beliefs of Psychedelic Drug Users,” author Michael Lerner also discusses the relationship between psychedelic drug use and spirituality. Lerner also believes that when psychedelic drugs are taken with the correct mindset, they have the ability to increase ones sense of religion. In order to test his theory, Michael Lerner had 183 volunteers fill out a questionnaire. Even though he conducted the survey amongst people from all over the world...
“Darfur Genocide.” World Without Genocide. William Mitchell School of Law, n.d. Web. 16 April 2014. .
As of March of 2008, a total of 300,000 people have died in Darfur, Sudan due to genocide. That is equivalent to the entire population of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Genocide started back in February of 2003 in Darfur, Sudan. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights defines the liberties set for everyone in the World. Established in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights displays the rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled to. The situation in Darfur, Sudan is known as Genocide, Genocide is defined as a systematic extermination or attempt at exterminating a national, political, racial or cultural group. The Darfur Genocide has violated Article #3, Article #5 and Article #9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Darfur Genocide violates article #3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Article #5 has been violated by the Genocide in Darfur. Article #9 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights has been violated by the Darfur Genocide. Attacks in Darfur are mostly by a group called the Janjaweed which are an Arab based group supported by the Sudanese Government, to carry out attacks on people with different religious, economic and political views. The Darfur Genocide violates the rights of its citizens; steps should be enforced by United Nations and it allies.
Hallucinogens: a general group of pharmacological agents that can be divided into three broad categories: psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants. Hallucinogenic drugs have played a role in civilization for thousands of year. It began with naturally occurring hallucinogens, such as the peyote cactus plant and wild mushrooms. Now there are man made drugs that have the same or more intense affects. These include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), MDMA (ecstasy), and dextromethorphan (DMX, often found in cough syrup). Within this essay, I will cover the history, production, and affects of hallucinogenic drugs.
Psychedelics have always been a controversial subject in the world of drugs because they have the ability to alter one’s perception of reality. L.S.D, MDMA, and psilocybin are three of the main types of psychedelics on the drug market, all three of which are listed as schedule 1 by the DEA. A schedule 1 drug is considered to have a high addiction risk, has no medical value whatsoever, and is illegal to have in your possession. A schedule 2 drug is considered to have the potential for both medical purposes, and abuse. A schedule 3 drug is considered safe for medical use and can only be prescribed by a doctor. I however, believe that psychedelics should be reconsidered for at least schedule 2 as studies have shown an increase in the use of psychedelics in psychotherapy and can even help the terminally ill come to terms with their own deaths.
The atrocities in Darfur are being conducted by an assembly of government funded and heavily armed militants who are known as the Janjaweed. These groups of Arab radicals destroy the people of Darfur by pillaging and burning their villages, robbing them of their economic assets, contaminating their water supplies by dumping dead bodies into the wells, slaughtering, raping, and tormenting them. The attacks on the villages range from a variety of approaches but the most typical start with bombings from the Sudanese Air Force, followed by the raids of the Janjaweed. A recent estimate by UNICEF has the death toll in Darfur at an astonishing 300,000. Out of the total population of 6.2 million people, 4.7 million are affected by the conflict. Half of the directly affected people are children; of these children, almost 700,000 have lived their entire life knowing nothing more than the violent lifestyle that has overtaken the region (Sudan: Darfur Overview).
What is it that makes us human? Is it our actions, our sense of purpose, or our ability to keep our mind on as well as perform complex tasks? Is it that we analyze our own mental processes, as well as the processes of others? What exactly is a mental state, and what creates it? Is it a level of attentiveness, an impulse, or an emotional state? What is it that allows us to experience these things? The answers all lie within our brains.
Who here would like to go to war? Who wants a cheap and effective, strategic war? If you want that, then drones are the weapons to use. They’re cheap and effective, reduce unnecessary deaths, and are much more accurate than any other weapon. These are only a few reasons for why drones are the ultimate weapon of choice.
With a population of 6,000,000 people in it Darfur has seen 300,000 die and 3,000,000 people being displaced from their homes. Some of the people that have been displaced from their homes have moved into squalid camps or neighbor
Basic Physiology of a Neuron and How it Fires Describe the basic physiology of a neuron. Detail the manner in which neurons fire action potentials and how neurons communicate with one another across synapses. Outline the process of how an action potential occurs and how it propagates down an axon. Explain how chemical transmission occurs at synapses and how this allows neurons to activate or inhibit one another. Picture from "Answer to Neuron Structure" Neurons are the basic units of the brain.
The term “genocide” did not exist before the year of 1944. The term refers to violent crimes committed against any group of people based on religion, race or culture. The intention of genocides is to destroy the existence of the targeted group. (What Is Genocide?) The word came into everyday frequent usage after World War ll. In the year of 1948, the United Nations came to the decision that genocides would be considered a national crime. (Genocide) It is generally considered one of the worst moral crimes by government. (Genocide*) The Darfur Genocide is the first genocide of the 21st century. It all started in February of 2003. This genocide in Darfur has cause approximately 400,000 deaths and resulted in more than three million people having
Other weapons that the military have used, such as bombs, destruct a larger range of area, and bombs do much more destruction. With drones, pilots a can precisely plot the location of the target, and it will only destruct a certain range, smaller than a bomb’s range of destruction. Although many people argue that drone will kill innocent civilians near the area of the target, pilots can plot specific points where the drone will attack.
In conclusion, the supply and demand of oil is a complex issue that depends on several factors. Geopolitical affairs are the major issues that affect supply and demand of oil. Geopolitical factors include wars, uprisings and political inconsistencies in the world. Other factors that influence the demand and supply of oil include market domains, availability of oil, recession and the world GDP. Since 1859, the price of oil has been inconsistent. Despite the fact that oil prices increased and fell, there has been a considerable rising trend in those prices. In most cases, the falling of the price reaches the previous price level. However, increase of prices goes beyond earlier prices. This trend has seen oil prices rise over the years. With this in mind, it is clear that by 2020 the real price of oil will be more than 200 dollars.
Another name for drones are Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVS). These are “aircraft either controlled by ‘pilots’ from the ground or increasingly, autonomously following a pre-programmed mission” (Cole 4). Even though there are many unique types of drones, but they usually fall under two main categories: ones that are armed and equipped with missiles and bombs and others that are used for surveillance. In the past couple of years the use of drones has increased dramatically. The reason being because “unlike manned aircraft they can stay aloft for many hours and are flown remotely so there is no danger to the flight crew” (Cole 13). There are drones that can actually fly over more than fifty hours. In countries such as Afghanistan and Iraq, the Predator and U.S Reaper are physically there. Cause of the power of technology th...
In simple terms Public Corruption can be defined as the misuse of public office for private gain.Corruption is an outcome and reflection of a country’s economic,legal,cultural and political institutions. Transparency International(2005,2008) found that more than 65% of Indians had a first hand experience of paying bribes and nearly 45% used contacts to get job done.Institutionalised Corruption has long been prevalent in India.Big Business and individuals dictate bureaucratic norms by breaking law,paying off public servants just to gain access to elements of governance.