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Neurobiology of Parkinson's disease
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Parkinson’s disease
Parkinson’s disease is a disease in the nervous system that affects your body movement. It belongs in the motor system disorders group (About Parkinson’s Disease). This disease can impair the person’s motor skills, speech, and writing skills (All About Parkinson's Disease). It can start off with small tremors in just one of the person’s hands, and progress to the other hand as well. Parkinson’s can affect the person’s whole body. Parkinson’s disease does not only cause tremors it could also cause stiffness or slower movements in your limbs (Dementia). Parkinson’s disease is caused by the slow deterioration of nerve cells in your brain (Causes). These nerve cells produce dopamine that helps control muscle movements throughout the body (All About Parkinson's Disease). With the death of these cells, there may not be an adequate supply of dopamine for the brain. Dopamine is a major neurotransmitter in the brain and is important in motor control, which is why Parkinson’s patients display the tremors (About Parkinson’s Disease). They do not have enough dopamine to accurately control their motor movements (Causes).
Parkinson’s disease has been around longer than we know it. Parkinson’s disease is said to date all the way back to ancient Egypt, and it has also made an appearance in the Christian Bible. There is no clear evidence of it until the 17th century (All About Parkinson's Disease). Even though it has been here for a while now, the disease was not always called Parkinson’s. In fact it was called paralysis agitans or shaking palsy when James Parkinson wrote an essay on it. It is thought that he was the first to discuss Parkinson’s disease and it was later renamed to Parkinson’s disease after him. James was n...
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.... 12 Nov. 2013. Mayo Clinic. 11 Mar. 2014 .
"Diagnosis." - Parkinson's Disease Foundation (PDF). 2014. Parkinson's Disease Foundation. 13 Mar. 2014 .
"Health Information, Resources, Tools & News Online - EverydayHealth.com." EverydayHealth.com. 2014. Everyday Health Media. 13 Mar. 2014 .
"Parkinson's Disease Overview." National Parkinson Foundation. 2014. National Parkinson Foundation. 12 Mar. 2014 .
"Statistics on Parkinson's." - Parkinson's Disease Foundation (PDF). Parkinson's Disease Foundation. 10 Mar. 2014 .
What exactly is Parkinson’s disease? It is a disease of the nervous system; it falls into a group of conditions called motor system disorders. The initial symptoms are normally tremors of a limb, especially when the body is resting. Bradykinesia, akinesia, and postural inability are also symptoms that occur. These symptoms will worsen over time (Genetics Home Reference).
People who have been diagnosed with this lifelong disease have either started to see the early signs and symptoms or have yet to recognize them. The negative impact that fatigue, loss of muscle strength and in-coordination has on the patients with Parkinson’s disease can be improved with a well-balanced exercise regimen. The three most common physical symptoms the patient will experience are tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. “Tremors while at rest are the most common initial symptom and are present in around 70 percent of cases at disease onset. It often presents as a pill rolli...
Parkinson's Disease is a mysterious disease that affects the central nervous system and can be very difficult to treat and live with. It is classified as a motor system disorder but is a progressive, chronic disease resulting in
With more than 200,000 US cases per year, Parkinson’s disease has become a major part
“Parkinson’s is the second most common neurological disease after Alzheimer’s. It has been described as a chronic, progressive, neurological disorder, which generally not life-threatening but is incurable (Magennis & Corry, 2013). Parkinson disease has no antidote but has altered treatments. Patients require caregivers help when PD gradually starts to affects motor, cognitive and emotional functioning. Patients are hindered from fulfilling their daily needs, thus necessitating the caregiver’s assistance.
Parkinson disease (PD), also referred to as Parkinson’s disease and paralysis agitans, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is the third most common neurologic disorder of older adults. It is a debilitating disease affecting motor ability and is characterized by four cardinal symptoms: tremor rigidity, bradykinesia or kinesis (slow movement/no movement), and postural instability. Most people have primary, or idiopathic, disease. A few patients have secondary parkinsonian symptoms from conditions such as brain tumors and certain anti-psychotic drugs.
Parkinson's is an idiopathic, multifactorial neurodegenerative disease that attacks neurotransmitters in the brain called dopamine. Dopamine is concentrated in a specific area of the brain called the substantia nigra. The neurotransmitter dopamine is a chemical that regulates muscle movement and emotion. Dopamine is responsible for relaying messages between the substantia nigra and other parts of the brain to control body movement. The death of these neurotransmitters affects the central nervous system. The most common symptoms are movement related, including shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and difficulty with posture. Behavioral problems may arise as the disease progresses. Due to the loss of dopamine, Parkinson's patients will often experience depression and some compulsive behavior. In advanced stages of the disease dementia will sometimes occur. The implications of the disease on the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory and phonatory systems significantly control speech.
Nurse’s play a very important role in the delivery of care to an older person and in complex disease such as Parkinson’s disease, the care provided by a nurse is vital for both the patient and the family of the affected person. The aim of this essay is to understand briefly about Parkinson’s disease and associated issues and the role of the nurse in the management of the condition.
The fact that early signs of Parkinsonism can easily be overlooked as normal aging, further complicates diagnosis. Therefore, primary care physicians of the middle-aged and elderly population must be extremely sensitive to patients’ outward appearance and changes in movement ability. Most signs and symptoms of Parkinson disease correspond to one of three motor deficiencies: bradykinesia, akinesia, tremor, and rigidity. The first two qualities are usually present before tremor, but often attributed to aging by the patient and even the physician, and thus the disease is rarely diagnosed until tremor becomes evident much later. An average of 80% of the nigrostriatal neurons may have already degenerated by the time Parkinsonism is diagnosed, which complicates treatment (Fitzgerald, 130).
.... Rest tremor is usually unilateral starting from hand and foot and the movement of the fingers and thumb is usually described as pill rolling action. As the disease progresses, the tremors spread to all the four limbs. The counter action of muscles such as contraction and relaxation is disturbed leading to muscles soreness and finally rigidity. Patients experience slowness in their routine activities and tend to fall backward due to loss of postural reflexes. Other secondary signs include mask like face, slurred speech, drooling of saliva, difficulty in writing commonly called as micrographia, constipation, depression and difficulty in swallowing. Parkinson's malady is regularly connected with psychiatric dullness, which incorporates discouragement, uneasiness, and dopaminergic psychosis. Therefore, several medications and psycho therapies are available for relief.
Parkinson’s disease is one of the most common nervous system disorders. This disease is part of a group of conditions that are referred to as motor system disorders. Motor system disorders are the result of the loss of dopamine producing brain cells. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter. It acts as the chemical messenger in the transmission of signals in the brain and other vial areas. Dopamine is found in humans as well as animals, including both vertebrates and invertebrates. Further information on dopamine can be found by visiting http://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Dopamine.aspx. There are four primary symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, which include (1) tremors or trembling in hands, arms, legs, jaw and face, (2) rigidity or stiffness of the limns and trunk, (3) bradykinesia or slowness of movement, and (4) postural instability or impaired balance and coordination..
Parkinsons disease Learning is defined as, a change in the capability of a person to perform a skill that must be inferred from a relatively permanent improvement in performance as a result of practice of experience (Magill 247). For healthy people to learn a skill, they must show improvement, consistency, stability, persistence, and adaptability. However, for patients with Parkinsons Disease, it is not as simple. Bradykinesia, the slowed ability to initiate and continue movements, is a well-recognized side effect of Parkinsons Disease. In Rostami and Ashayeris study, Effects of motor skill practice on reaction time and learning retention in Parkinsons Disease, they investigated whether or not short-term practice could improve Bradykinesia. Patients with Parkinsons Disease frequently spend more time not only initiating voluntary movements, but also more time carrying out the voluntary movements. Thus, the study gathered 9 patients (7 males and 2 females) with Parkinsons Disease and 9 controls (7 males and 2 females) that were healthy and disease free. The participants were instructed to look at their monitor and to carry out a hand-to-mouth reach when prompted by the random stimulus on the monitor. The researchers used the Kinemetrix 3D Motion Analysis System and three markers that were positioned on the lateral aspect of the wrist, elbow, and shoulder joints to record and analyze the movements in three-dimensional space. Though all of the participants were right-handed, they were all instructed to use their left hand to complete the task because in all of the participants the left arm appeared to be more bradykinetic. The purpose of this study was to see if reaction time coul...
Parkinson's Disease has caused problems for many people in this world and plagued the elderly all over the world.Parkinson's disease still puzzles doctors and the causes are unknown. It is known that it is a non-communicable disease and may even be hereditary. Parkinson's disease is thought to be caused by external factors. Most of the cases of this disease are caused by progressive deterioration of the nerve cells, which control muscle movement. Dopamine, one of the substances used in the brain to transmit impulses, is produced in the area of deterioration.
Parkinson’s disease – Affecting the central nervous system, Parkinson’s affects basic movement, leading to tremors. Typically characterised by shaking hands.
Many people around the world today suffer from Parkinson’s disease and other movement disorders. A movement disorder is a disorder impairing the speed, fluency, quality, and ease of movement. There are many types of movement disorders such as impaired fluency and speed of movement (dyskinesia), excessive movements (hyperkinesia), and slurred movements (hypokinesia). Some types of movement disorders are ataxia, a lack of coordination, Huntington's disease, multiple system atrophies, myoclonus, brief, rapid outbursts of movement, progressive supranuclear palsy, restless legs syndrome, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, tics, Tourette's syndrome, tremor, Wilson disease, dystonia, which causes involuntary body movement, and Parkinson's disease. Parkinson’s disease, Tourette’s syndrome, and tics are one of the most widely known of these disorders, known to impair people of movements and rob them of their lives.