Parkinson's Disease
Five years ago, she could still show the world her pleasant demeanor with a smile. Four years ago, she could no longer smile, but she was still able to walk upright. Two years ago, she could no longer walk without aid from a walker, but she could still find her mouth with a fork while eating dinner. Eighteen months ago, she could no longer eat under her own power, as the involuntary 'tremors' in her hands flung the food from the fork long before it reached her mouth. A year ago, my grandmother died. She was diagnosed with Parkinson's Disease (PD) five years ago, and slowly deteriorated for four years until her death. She was given myriad drugs, but none seemed to help for more than a month, leaving her in worse condition after the effects wore off. Herein lies the mystery of Parkinsonâs Disease.
Researchers have made great progress in uncovering the etiology of this mysterious disease. Before summarizing some of the current theories on the cause of PD, however, it is necessary to describe some clinical observations of patients. Symptoms of PD include "tremors," rigidity, bradikinesia (slowness of movement) and loss of postural control (1). It has been found that patients who show these symptoms for PD have an eighty percent reduction in the levels of both dopamine (a neurotransmitter in the Substantia Nigra) and dopaminergic neurons (neurons that contain dopamine receptors) (1).
There are currently four main theories on the cause of Parkinson's Disease: (a) Oxidation of molecules such as iron in the Substantia Nigra by free radicals kill the dopaminergic neurons (1); (b) environmental toxins similar to MPTP (a compound related to the painkiller Demerol), which have been shown to cause Parkinsonism-like symptoms, kill the neurons (1,2); (c) a mysteriously increased rate of dopaminergic neuronal apoptosis in some individuals (1); and (d) Genetic influence, as the penetrance of PD has been observed at higher levels within some families (1). There is evidence for all of these theories, although the most concrete evidence comes from a study that showed increased levels of iron in the Substantia Nigra in PD patients (1). While this study proved nothing, it provided further evidence for a powerful oxidizing agent, such as a free radical, involved in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons.
There are two main fashions in which the Aeneid is read by Scholars today. The main difference between these two theories is each's respective treating of Aeneas' obstacles. The first views Aeneas as a classic epic hero, that is, to view him as fated to the grand destiny of founding Rome, and Aeneas carries out that destiny successfully, in spite of a few unfortunate hardships. The other view regards the obstructions that Aeneas is subjected to as, instead, evidence from the gods and other powers that Aeneas' quest is, as purported in an essay by Steven Farron, “brutal and destructive” (34), instead of trivial occurrences. This view referred to as the dark reading of the Aeneid. One of the best known circumstances in the Aeneid is Aeneas correspondence with Dido. This period in the Aeneid is often used to evidence an argument for one of the two readings, as the text gives important specifics about both Aeneas and his quest there. However, given a close reading of the text, the flawed relationship between Dido and Aeneas better endorses the dark reading.
Have you or anyone in your family experienced unusual tremors in your head or any part
Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder that is named after "the English physician who first described it fully in 1817" (4). The disease causes disturbances in the motor functions resulting in patients having trouble moving. Other characteristics that are not always present in every patient are tremors and stiffening of limbs. All of these characteristics, of the disease are caused by "degeneration of a group of nerve cells deep within the center of the brain in an area called the substantia nigra" (5). Dopamine is the neurotransmitter for these cells to signal other nerve cells. However as the cluster of nerve cells fail to operate, the dopamine can not reach the areas of the brain that affects one's motor functions (5). On average Parkinson's patients have "less than half as much dopamine in their systems as healthy people do" (8). The problem and controversy that arises from this disease is in the cure. Researchers, for years, have been attempting to unravel the mystery of what causes Parkinson's disease and how it can be treated and or cur...
“The National Safety Council Looks into New Study on the Brain’s Ability to Safely Drive and use a Cell Phone.” Entertainment Close-up 17 June 2013. Health Reference Center Academic. Web. 6 Nov. 2013.
By mentioning the downfall of his people during the Trojan War and foreshadowing his destiny by "Sparing the conquered" Trojans and "battle down the proud" Greeks, can be looked upon as a reinforcement of his duties not only to his dead father and family, but to the entire Trojan population. To let another character found and rule Rome would just prove the failure of his people again, as shown through the Trojan war. Aeneas feels great pride and energy regarding his role in history and is anxious to continue on his journey. The gods are trying to convince Aeneas to value duty to his city and family, a kind of affiliation or relation by virtue of descent as-if from a parent, above duty to a lover by mere affiliation, or arbitrary association. This perspective on an appeal to authority still hinges on a relationship between Aeneas' desire for affiliation and public authority as the authority of filial priority. We learn early on in this epic that Aeneas is a very important character because of his divine parentage. After all, his mother is the Goddess Venus and his father's brother was the King of Troy. His mother is more concerned with his destiny than with his happiness. She makes Dido fall in love with Aeneas and then he falls in love with the Carthaginian queen in return. Despite the fact that he is happy, his mother is one of the gods working to make him fulfill his destiny. This "destiny" is truly revealed to Aeneas in the underworld when he encounters a few fellow Trojan comrades.
Parkinson Disease There exists a group of people who live the final years of their lives in glass boxes. They are perfectly capable of seeing outside, but incapable of reaching out to the world around them. Their emotions can not be shown through facial expression, and as their condition continues, speech also becomes difficult or even impossible. These people are men and women of all races and geographical areas, constituting one percent of the world’s population over 50 years old.
The following paper discusses one of the most common disease of the elderly naming Parkinson's Disease. This paper reflects the basic understanding of the disease with prime focus on the course, treatment and advance health care needs of the patient. Additionally, to have a better understanding of the disease this paper puts some light on the causes and pathogenesis of the disease and how an elderly patient can cope up with his life during the last stages of the disease.
Parkinson’s disease, a chronic, progressive, and neurodegenerative brain disorder affecting body movement, known to have no cure, yet has treatments that will help in managing the disease. This disease is named after James Parkinson, an English physician who described this illness. Approximately one million people in the United States are diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease (What is Parkinson’s, n.d.). This disease is identified to be slow in progression and symptoms of this will only worsen as time goes on. Parkinson’s is the second most common neurodegenerative disease (Simpson, Murray, & Eccles, 2010).
Yet why does one care if they can prove if a work is by Henrik Ibsen or not? It is simply so that one can better analyze his writing. If the similarities between dramas by Ibsen can be proven, then it is legitimate to say that one could not only explore why those threads are common between the works, but also to discover other play writes that were influenced by Ibsen and picked up this commonality and implemented it similarly in their own works. This is adequate reason to examine what makes an Ibsen drama unique, or at least similar to his other works, and to expound upon such.
Northam, John. 1965. "Ibsen's Search for the Hero." Ibsen. A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Merin, Gili. "AD Classics: Ville Radieuse / Le Corbusier" 11 Aug 2013. ArchDaily. Accessed 24 Nov 2013.
Northram, John. "Ibsen's Search for the Hero." Ibsen: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Rolf Fjelde. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1965. 107-113.
Steve Jobs has significantly impacted today’s society and many industries. Steve Jobs was born in February 24th, 1955 in San Francisco California. He was adopted at birth by Paul Jobs (1922 -1993) and Clara Jobs (1924 ` 1986). Jobs went through rocky days in elementary school. Despite his rough time in elementary school, Steve was able to skip couple of grades. Steve enrolled at Reed College in Oregon but he dropped out after six month. Steve studied creative classes, including calligraphy.
According to (Mackay, 2002), rapid increase in tobacco consumption and its spread around the world represent a great concern to public health both globally and at the national level. Tobacco is the second major cause of death in the world and the fourth most common risk factor for disease worldwide; it kills 4.9 million persons per year therefore it weighs heavily on the health care system of countries. Tobacco undermines the wellbeing of populations. The cost of treating tobacco-related illness is very high, not only in the governments but also to individuals and their families. In addition, the diseases and deaths that result from tobacco consumption impose great suffering and grief on the close family of the tobacco user, effects which are exacerbated by poverty.
Whether punishment is effective depends on the criteria applied or the objectives to be achieved. That is, before we can say it is useful we must ask whether we desire an immediate or a lasting effect, and at how high a cost. There is some evidence to suggest that when punishment is administered in the form of aversive stimulation, it acts to suppress behaviour temporarily. When it is withdrawn, the punished behaviour rapidly gains strength. If the punishment is more severe and given consistently, it may act to suppress behaviour for a longer period of time (Skinner, 1953). Historically, the efficacy of punishment has been appreciated only in the pa...