Schwartz, Dudgeon, Sheeber, Yap, Simmons, and Allen (2012) examined the relationship between parental behaviors during child-parent collaborations, and the subsequent development of internalizing symptoms such as anxiety and depression. This study considered the impact of positive and negative parental behaviors, on the development of anxiety and depression symptoms occurring during adolescence specifically (Schwartz et al., 2012). Schwartz et al. (2012) defined positive parental behaviors as “behaviors that convey acceptance, affection or happiness” (p. 59), and negative parental behaviors as “behaviors that convey aggression or dysphoria” (p. 59). Elaborating on the definition of negative emotional expressions, Schwartz et al. (2012) differentiated between submissive (unhappy) and dominant (combative) expressions because they are conveyed differently and; therefore, could predict distinctive symptomatology. It is essential to gain insight into the development of these symptoms in adolescence because raised levels of internalizing symptoms over time have been found to substantially increase the possibility of developing depression and anxiety disorders (Klein, Shankman, Lewinsohn, & Seeley, 2009; Pine, Cohen, Cohen, & Brook, 1999).
Aggression is thought to induce fear and compliance in others (Keltner & Kring, 1998). Therefore, extended exposure to aggression from the parent can produce anxiety and/or depression symptoms in adolescence (Rodriguez, 2003). Furthermore, exposure to dysphoric emotions from the parent can produce these same symptoms in adolescence through learning and modeling (Campos, Mumme, Kermoian, & Campos, 1994). Contrastingly, submissive emotions convey encouragement and comfort from others (Keltner & Kring...
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...eon, P., Sheeber, L. B., Yap, M. B. H., Simmons, J. G., & Allen, N. B. (2012). Parental Behaviors During Family Interactions Predict Changes in Depression and Anxiety Symptoms During Adolescence. Journal Of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(1), 59-71. doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9542-2
Sheeber, L., Davis, B., Leve, C., Hops, H., & Tildesley, E. (2007). Adolescents’ relationships with their mothers and fathers: associations with depressive disorder and subdiagnostic symptomatology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 114-154.
Sheeber, L., & Sorensen, E. (1998). Family relationships of depressed adolescents: a multimethod assessment. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 268-277.
Siqueland, L., Kendall, P. C., & Steinberg, L. (1996). Anxiety in children: perceived family environments and observed family interaction. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 225-237.
The emotional support children receive from their parents in the early years of their lives can make an everlasting impact in how their fears develop and persist over the course of their lives. Take, for instance, a considerably difficult a child who received a nurturing amount of support from his parents in contrast with another little boy who was physically reprimanded for his antsy behavior. The first boy’s parent’s found tactful ways to allow their child to better handle his fears, consequently allowing him to forge a more functional life in the future. In opposition, the other child’s father, who hit him in efforts to stop his anxiety, ironically contributed to the child’s unwanted behavior, causing him to become more disruptive and disturbed in the
Pesonen,Anu-Katriina (2004) Insecure adult attachment style and depressive symptoms: Implications for parental perceptions of infant temperamentOpenUrlCiteView
One study examined the relationship between mothers who have depression and their children who began displaying anti social behaviors at a young age. This study concluded that when mothers show signs of depression, they have poor quality interactions with their children. But what they could not determine was whether it was the quality of the environment or their genetic disposition (Kim-Cohen et al., 2005). A further study made the variability of how genetics and environment can combine when developing mental illness such as depression the focus of their article. They observed how children and young adults who had similar levels of susceptibility to mental illness varied in how they developed it. This study stated that there is to much variability to clearly determine which theory had the stronger influence. The point being that both nature and nurture are balanced different for every individual (Goodman & Gotlib,.
Sweeney, M Megan (2007). Stepfather Families and the Emotional Well-Being of Adolescents. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. Vol 48, No. 1, 33-49
Parents and their parenting style play an important role in the development of their child. In fact, many child experts suggest that parenting style can affect a child’s social, cognitive, and psychological development which influence not just their childhood years, but it will also extend throughout their adult life. This is because a child’s development takes place through a number of stimuli, interaction, and exchanges that surround him or her. And since parents are generally a fixed presence in a child’s life, they will likely have a significant part on the child’s positive or negative development (Gur 25).
Taylor, R., & Andrews, B. (2009). Parental depression in the context of divorce and the impact on children. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 50, 472-480. doi:10.1080/10502550902970579
Parents may encounter feelings of depression and anxiety while processing emotions such as guilt; fear of their child being alone or with a partner, etc.
Pine, D. S. , Cohen, P. , Curley, D. , Brook, J. & Ma, Y. (1998). The Risk for Early - Adulthood Anxiety and Depressive Disorders in Adolescence With Anxiety and Depressive Disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 56-64.
To better understand a person's socio and emotion characteristics, it is important to know how was their first relationship. First relationship start with our family, parents are children's first teachers they learn the basics from them (appendix a, Journal 1). Bowlby's attachment theory explains the types of attachment, he states that early year experiences of attachment will influence children's capacity to build attachment later in life. His theory also mentioned that maternal deprivation can affect children's development in long-terms. As parents are children's first counter parts they have great influence on them especially their parenting styles. According to Baumrind's parenting styles children's behaviors are the reflection of how parents treat them. I believe that it is important to have a balance when we are dealing with children, I noticed that my parents are more of authoritative which gives me the freedom to enjoy my life yet the idea of working towards my goals. To have a good and stable social and emotional development a funct...
If a parent has a negative emotion and negative reactions to children’s expression of emotion, it will cause children to also have negative emotions and low social competence. It states, “children reared in families in which emotions, particularly negative emotions are not discussed freely may be deprived of information about emotions and their regulation and may conclude that emotions should not be expressed” (Eisenberg 255). Children will grow with a disadvantage in terms of their emotional and social competence. These kids will lack emotion because it was not discussed when they were younger and they will not know how to express how they truly feel since they were deprived. In the article “The Lifelong Impact of Childhood Experiences: A Population Health Perspective” it discusses that early childhood experiences have a powerful effect on one’s life. It also focuses on different statuses of the family as a child and that can also have an effect on how a parent is raising their child. It states “Across North America approximately 50 percent of single parent families live in poverty, more than twice as many as Western Europe”(Hertzman
However, recent research indicates that parental knowledge has more to do with adolescents ' self-disclosure than with parents ' active monitoring. Although these findings may suggest that parents exert little influence on adolescents ' problem behavior, the authors argue that this conclusion is premature, because self-disclosure may in itself be influenced by parents ' rearing style. This study examined relations between parenting dimensions and self-disclosure and compared three models describing the relations among parenting, self-disclosure, perceived parental knowledge, and problem behavior. Results in a sample of 10th- to 12th-grade students, their parents, and their peers demonstrated that high responsiveness, high behavioral control, and low psychological control are independent predictors of self-disclosure. In addition, structural equation modeling analyses demonstrated that parenting is both indirectly (through self-disclosure) and directly associated with perceived parental knowledge but is not directly related to problem behavior or affiliation with peers engaging in problem behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. & Hilt, L.M. (2013). Handbook of Depression in Adolescents (pp. 727). Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Retrieved from http://link.library.curtin.edu.au/p?pid=CUR_ALMA51105776920001951
“Findings on interparental conflict and child well-being illustrate this interde-pendence, with exposure to harsh, destructive conflict patterns between parents associated with a range of detrimental effects on children; these effects appear both concurrently and cumulatively over time, as well as across all developmental stages” (Barton, Beach, Kogan, Stanley, Fincham, Hurt & Brody, 2015). This was especially true for me in my adolescence when like most kids who live in this type of environment I became depressed started withdrawing. I began to distrust people and keep them at arms length. Only letting them get s close to me, as I felt safe. I thought I had escaped the ill affects of her relationship dysfunction until I decided it would be a good idea to divorce my husband of 10 years because I wanted to “sew my wild oats”.
Piko and Balázs (2012) state that during adolescence, emotional closeness to parents may diminish and conflicts with parents tend to increase. If there is a lack of emotional warmth and less open communication it may lead to the development of problem behaviors in adolescents. When looking at various parental protective factors, parental control and monitoring of behaviors have been found to be the strongest to help prevent adolescent substance use and abuse. Moderate and adequate control, not manipulative psychological control, can play an important role in children’s self-control, which is in turn related to their adjustment and behavior. According to the classification made by Maccoby and Martin (1983) the authoritative parenting style is classified by high responsiveness and being highly demanding.
To measure family environment data was taken from intake interviews and it included notes from reports of their home life and the interviews with parents in their homes. Coders gathered this data to rate the quality of his or her relationship with their father or mother. A scale that measures from 1 (distant, hostile, or overly punitive) to 5 (nurturing, encouraged positive autonomy, fostered self-esteem) was used to rate the quality of relationships between adolescents and parents. Coders also rated the quality of overall warmth and cohesiveness in family environment. They also used a scale ranging from 1 to 5, with 1 correlating to lack of warmth and cohesion and 5 correlating to warm and