Introduction
In this experiment, we worked with paper chromatography. Before discussing the experiment in full detail, we must first review what exactly paper chromatography is. Paper chromatography is a certain technique used for separating different mixtures. It uses a specific type of paper made up of cellulose, and has a solution that separates the mixture into the multiple substances that make up that mixture1. Paper chromatography can also test the purity of the mixtures as well2.
Paper chromatography was first developed in the very early 1900s, by a Russian scientist named Mikhail Tsvett. He was conducted an experiment to figure out how to separate the different pigments in green leaves. He found that if he crushed the leaves and added them to a powder, the different pigments in the leaves would separate. Years later, two English scientist, Martin and Synge, expanded on this technique and developed the process of paper chromatography that we used in this experiment. They first used their paper chromatography method to separate amino acids in proteins, which awarded the scientists with a Nobel Peace Prize3.
The method and chemistry behind paper chromatography is very important to understand. The process of paper chromatography is separated into two different phases, the stationary phase and the mobile phase. The stationary phase includes chromatography paper made from cellulose, and a liquid, supported on top of the paper4. This can be represented by the inks sitting on top of the chromatography paper in experiment 17. The mobile phase consists of a liquid that travels through the stationary phase, and brings the different components of the sample with it4. The two phases work together to separate the mixtures.
In or...
... middle of paper ...
... Easy Touch Red Bic Red
4 Pilot V Ball Pilot V Ball Red
In order to figure out the unknown inks, I compared the colors, the length they traveled and their reaction to the UV light. For the first ink, I was able to determine the type of pen the ink came from by looking at the color and details of the ink on the chromatography paper. For the second ink, I was able to identify the type of pen by also looking at the color and length it traveled on the chromatography paper. The third ink was difficult, because the pattern on the chromatography paper looked like two other inks. However, I was able to determine the pen the ink came from by looking at the chromatography paper under the UV light. For the fourth and final ink, I was able to determine what pen the ink came from by looking at the pattern on the chromatography paper, and looking at it underneath the UV light6.
In this experiment, column chromatography and thin layer chromatography were used to separate a mixture of fluorene and 9-fluorenone. These two methods were then compared, and the results were analyzed. In column chromatography, 0.1010 g of mixture was separated. During the separation, fluorene eluted first. This compound was white in color once dried with the rotary evaporator. A percent yield of 93.47% was calculated for fluorene. The product that eluted first was confirmed to be fluorene by the IR spectrum obtained and the experimental melting point. The IR spectrum RM-02-CC1 was the spectrum obtained for this compound. Aromatic carbon- hydrogen bonds, carbon-carbon double bonds and hydrogens attached to sp2 carbons were shown by peaks 3038
The papermaking process begins with pulp. Pulp is cellulosic fibrous material extracted from cellulosic fiber from wood. Glatfelter uses the Kraft Process to make both hardwood and softwood pulps. Hardwood pulps are taken from oaks, beeches, poplars, birches and eucalyptus tress. They have short fibre of average length of 1 millimeter. The primary purpose of hardwoods is for the paper to achieve bulkiness, smoothness and opacity. Softwood on the other hand is taken from pine and spruce with long fibre averaging 3 millimeters, it provides addition strength to paper. Both softwood and hardwood are produce independently of each other and are mixed end at desire ratio in the paper plant. The process starts from wood chips. Trees are chipped to make wood chips from half an inch to an inch long and up to two fifth inches thick. The chips are feed into a digester, which with cooking liquor would create a chemical reaction, which delignificate the wood. The cooking liquor is composed of white and black liquor. White liquor is composed of mainly sodium hy...
Based on our observations during the separation techniques and some speculation, we were able to identify eight components of our mixture: graphite from the filtration residue, Epsom salt from crystallization, water and acetic acid through distillation, red and orange dye, iron metal, marble chips, and sand.
Cu (aq) + 2NO3 (aq) + 2Na+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) → Cu(OH)2 (s) + 2Na+ (aq) + 2NO3(aq)
During this time, it could only be used in a lab with semi-intense supervision. Now, fast forward a few decades and there are D.I.Y. at home kits. The process of Electrophoresis starts with an electric current being run through a gel containing the molecules of interest. The molecules will then travel through the gel in different directions and speeds, based on their size and charge, allowing them to be separated from each other. Dyes, fluorescent tags, and radioactive labels can all enable the molecules on the gel to be seen after they have been separated. Because of these identification markers, they appear as a band across the top of the gel. Electrophoresis can be used for many different things. It is used to identify and study DNA or DNA fragments, and helps us to better understand the molecular components of both living and deceased organisms. Electrophoresis can also be used to test for genes related to specific diseases and life altering diagnoses such as Multiple Sclerosis, Down’s Syndrome, kidney disease, and some types of cancer. Electrophoresis also plays a major role in the testing of antibiotics. It can be used to determine the purity and concentration of one specific type of antibiotic or several general antibiotics at a time. Electrophoresis is also extremely useful in the creation and testing of
In the second experiment with the green color, I can safely conclude that the color green in this case is very soluble and we would need longer filter paper, perhaps more time to safely separate the different colors that make up the color green.
Experiment #3: The purpose of this experiment to test the chromatography of plant pigments the alcohol test strip test will be used.
The cutouts were then placed into large test tubes containing 4ml of isopropyl alcohol for each pigment band, total pigment sample 1, and total pigment sample 2. They were then sealed, until the pigments from the paper transferred onto the isopropyl alcohol. The same amounts of smaller test tubes were obtained, plus an additional small test tube, which was filled with isopropyl alcohol and acted as a blank. The eluted pigment solution lacking the paper was transferred into the rest of their respective smaller test tubes.
1. Using a dropper, place few drops of the unknown substance on the tissue paper.
0,74 0,87 1,00 0,49 100... ... middle of paper ... ... some groups had got different leakage of the pigment in the test tubes with water.
For this experiment we have to use physical methods to separate the reaction mixture from the liquid. The physical methods that were used are filtration and evaporation. Filtration is the separation of a solid from a liquid by passing the liquid through a porous material, such as filter paper. Evaporation is when you place the residue and the damp filter paper into a drying oven to draw moisture from it by heating it and leaving only the dry solid portion behind (Lab Guide pg. 33.).
Identifying Five Unknown Chemicals I was given 5 unknown samples, which are sodium chloride, sodium thiosulfate, calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and sodium nitrate and these samples are all white and solid. However, I don’t know which substance is which sample and I was only given some information about the physical and chemical properties of these substances. In order to identify the 5 unknown samples, knowing which sample is which substance, I have to carry out this experiment, finding out the chemical and physical properties of these samples. How can we identify five unknown chemical samples that seem to look the same?
HPLC technology works on the principle of conventional chromatography where in there is a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The sample containing the mixture of components is introduced in a column packed
Create wells: put a comb template in the middle of the tray; wait until the mixture becomes solid. After, remove the comb standing straight. 4. Remove rubber ends: transfer the gel tray into the horizontal electrophoresis and fill it with the concentrated electrophoresis buffer. 5. Materials and methods: Experiment: 1st, prepared milk samples should be already done by the teacher.
Paper is made from cellulose fibbers, which are found in all plant cell walls. When a mixture of water and fibbers is filtered through a fine screen, the fibbers tangle together to form a sheet of paper. As the wet sheet is dried chemical bonds form between the molecules in cellulose fibbers next to one and other. This gives the sheet of paper its strength. The grade and type of any paper depends on the fibbers and processes used in making it.