Our results of PRSV CP digestibility in gastro-intestinal fluids as well as bioinformatic analysis have shown that the transgene CP protein expressed in Rainbow and SunUp papaya is not allergenic. The PRSV CP is the major protein expressed in Rainbow papaya along with widely used nptII and GUS plant transformation markers. Here we will discuss about CP protein only as food safety of NPTII and GUS have been addressed elsewhere (24-26).
The prediction of allergenicity of novel proteins are based on either bioinformatic and/or experimental approaches (6, 7). Following the bioinformatics analysis, PRSV CP did not show significant similarity to known allergenic proteins based on the criterion of an eight amino acid identical match (27). However, we performed more stringent similarity search criterion of a six amino acid identity match to the query CP sequences which identified only five entries in the SDAP database. Although we identified very small number of matches to known allergens based on a six amino acid similarity search, numerous reports indicate that the high percentage of allergenic proteins identified using this criterion are false positives (31, 32) and thus in practice does not accurately predict allergenic proteins.
A computer based allergenicity prediction report by Kleter and Peijnenburg (28) identified a peptide of six amino acids (EKQKEK) shared by PRSV CP and a proposed allergen ABA-1, a protein of the human parasite Ascaris lumbricoides or the pig parasite Ascaris suum. However, as noted previously by Suzuki et al.(29), the PRSV CP match to ABA-1 is not relevant with regards to allergenicity for several reasons: 1) the amino acid sequence is not repeated in the coat protein sequence, therefore it will not trigger the IgE response associated with allergens, 2) the ABA-1 proposed allergenic peptide was found to be not inherently allergenic outside the context of other Ascaris proteins (30), and 3) it is not among the officially recognized allergens found in the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS) allergen database (http://www.allergen.org).
An important aspect of assessing potential allergenicity is experimental testing for properties common to allergenic proteins such as stability in simulated gastro-intestinal fluids which include SGF and SIF. SGF was developed to represent the conditions in the human stomach (20) and basically consists of the main gastric protease pepsin in low pH medium. Some data suggests that proteins that are susceptible to gastrointestinal digestion are inherently safer than those that are stable especially in terms of allergenicity (5).
Stoppler, Melissa C., and William C. Shiel. "Food Allergy." Medicinenet.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Mar. 2014.
Cobb, Jr, Albert H. "Latex Allergies and Food Cross-Sensitivity." Allergy and Family Medicine ~ Dr. Albert Cobb. Allergy and Family Medicine, 2003. N. Pag. Web. 28 Nov. 2011.
“Perhaps it's impossible to wear an identity without becoming what you pretend to be” (Orson Scott Card). The more you begin to behave and act as someone else the more you begin to become it, thus creating what seems to be an identity. Franz Kafka's "A Report to an Academy" introduces the narrator as Red Peter, an “invite” who has come to report to an academy his transformation from ape to human. Kafka illustrates the various experiences that Red Peter encounters, from the day of his captivity to his first hello; these human experiences progress towards Red Peter obtaining to what is believed to be an identity for himself. Red Peter’s process of obtaining an identity through the mimicking of human actions causes him to adapt to his situation for survival by eliminating the internal continuity of his origins. The narrator portrays the beginning of his new life by leaving behind the “remembrances of my youth” (Kafka, 250). For Kafka, Red Peter must let go of his upbringing in order to achieve and maintain an identity that will allow him to survive in the modern world. In addition, Kafk...
In Grace Stone Coates’ “Wild Plums” the reader is presented with two disparate families: one of class and privilege, an unnamed family of the story’s protagonist, and a family of meager farmers, the Slumps. The Slumps find themselves often living off of the land which includes plumming, a task that involves the collection of plums. The story’s protagonist, an unnamed little girl, always asks her family if she can join the Slumps but both her father and mother refuse to allow her to spend time with such a modest family. Because children lack class consciousness, one should be allowed to enjoy all that childhood offers despite who it’s spent with.
You have close relatives with allergy (that is, a mother, father, sister, brother, aunt, uncle, or child)
In most situations, genetic heredity plays a role in what allergy a person acquires. Children inherit their allergy from their parents. (Mills et al., 2007) On the contrary, some of individuals develop certain allergies in spite of their parents. One proposed theory that will be explored in this paper is whether or not the use of vaccines causes us to develop certain allergies. Before that theory can be proven as right or wrong, we must first get a more thorough understanding of the immune system.
For roughly 30 years the Puna District of Hawaii had been a safe haven from the devastating effects of the papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). Suddenly, in the early nineties, 95% of Hawaii's second largest crop became threatened when PRSV arrived in the Puna District (Gonsalves et al. 1998). Researchers at the University of Hawaii and Cornell University had anticipated that this day would come, so in preparation they began developing a PRSV resistant papaya using newly developed genetic engineering techniques. The initial fruit of their labors was "SunUp", a transgenic papaya created using biolistics to insert the coat protein genes from PRSV into a non-transgenic variety of papaya known as "Sunset". As a result of the insertion, SunUp has resistance to PRSV. The next step was "Rainbow", an F1-hybrid derived by crossing the transgenic SunUp papaya with the non-transgenic "Kapoho" papaya. Rainbow combines the PRSV resistance of its transgenic parent with the yellow flesh, preferred by consumers, of its non-transgenic parent.
Human beings always believe that what they want to do is ‘up to them,' and on this account, they take the assumption that they have free will. Perhaps that is the case, but people should investigate the situation and find a real case. Most of the intuitions may be correct, but still many of them can be incorrect. There are those who are sceptical and believe that free will is a false illusion and that it only exists in the back of people’s minds, but society should be able to distinguish feelings from beliefs in order to arrive at reality and truth.
In today’s society people are judged primarily on their looks and the amount of money that they have. As we take a look into the short story, “Wild Plums”, one can agree that the primary purpose of this short story is to illustrate how people believe they are inferior to others because of the way they look or act. The main family in the story thinks they are too good to go pick wild plums with the slumps and they think they are too good to be around them.
Throughout the novel, Purple Hibiscus, by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, the narrator- 15 year old Kambili- suffers from the restrictions that her devout father has implemented on every aspect of her life. Her every action revolves around the idea of religion and completing God’s purpose- due to her father’s piousness; however, when she visits her Aunty Ifeoma in Nssuka, she is liberated, as a clear change in Kambili is evident, brought by her time with her aunt and cousins. As a result, Kambili begins to become stronger, expressing herself and going against her father’s restrictive ways in order to form her own life. Through this, it can be seen that Kambili transforms into a stronger character througout The Purple Hibiscus, as a result of her exposure to her Aunty and cousins in Nssuka that sparked her change, shaping her to become a more independent character.
Developing allergies that people are unaware of can be very scary and dramatically life changing. Some of the effects that allergies can cause can be troubling and they might happen multiple times before
The human race is known to have developed numerous allergies to various known and unknown allergens. An extreme allergic reaction which can be “life-threatening”. Mydr.com.au, 2014) is referred to as Anaphylaxis. It is a “medical emergency”(Lloyd & Sisman,2013).Statistics indicate that maximum deaths occur due to allergic reactions to various medicines. Other causative agents can be insects, food, latex, hair dye, etc(Lloyd & Sisman,2013).
German Chemist Hans von Pechmann first synthesized Polyethylene by accident in 1898 by heating diazomethane. His colleagues characterized the waxy substance polyethylene due to the fact that they recognized that it consisted of long ethene chains. It was then first industrially synthesized by accident in 1933 by applying extremely high pressure to ethylene and benzaldehyde. Over the years, development of polyethylene has increased due to the additions of catalyst. This makes ethylene polymerization possible at lower temperatures and pressures.1
Okigbo, R., Iwube, J., & Putheti, R. (2011). An extensive review on genetically modified (GM) foods
Patients who usually have allergies suffer from many symptoms due to the allergic reaction(s). Normally, your immune system protects you against invading agents such as bacteria and viruses. Otherwise harmless allergens (allergy-producing substances) cause your body to react as if they were dangerous invaders. In effect, your immune system is responding to a false alarm.