1. Marlene’s repetitive episodes of chest pain, breathing problems, severe perspiration, and dizziness, a feeling of impending death, constant rumination and fear of recurrence of the symptoms are indicative of the presence of Panic Disorder. As per the DSM-IV TR, for the diagnosis, essentially, repeated, unexpected panic attacks are followed by at least one month of enduring concern about having another panic attack, accompanied by worry about the possible consequences of these attacks, or a significant behavioral change related to the attacks. These attacks are not caused by the direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition, or accounted for by the presence of any other mental disorder.
Since the recurrent panic attacks are accompanied by anxiety about being in places where escape might be difficult or help may not be available (being outside home alone, driving), Marlene would be diagnosed with Panic Disorder, with Agoraphobia (300.21). The DSM V lists both the disorders as separate diagnoses.
2. According to the cognitive model, emotions, behavior and physiology of an individual are influenced by his or her perception of events. In other words, how one construes or interprets an event or situation determines the consequent feeling arousing from that thought. Moulding one’s thinking to be realistic and adaptive leads to improvements in one’s mood, behavior and beliefs. The cognitive behavioral model of panic proposes that fear is a natural and adaptive response to perceived threat, wherein the fight or flight response on spotting danger is activated to ensure survival. Panic, however is viewed as a learnt response, wherein an individual’s “fear of fear” i.e. the physiological changes occurring ...
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...ty would be reduced through tolerance of feared situations and understanding fear response as normal. Hence, safety behaviors of breathing or drinking would be excluded from use during exposure exercises and extinguished gradually if present.
Session 7-10 would be spaced out once in every 2 weeks. We would emphasize relapse prevention and focus of reinforcing the therapeutic goals, emphasizing the management and not elimination of anxiety as an optimum outcome of the therapy process. We would review the learning, facing challenges situations, and focus on honing the new coping skills. If needed, imagery, progressive muscular relaxation, controlled breathing would be taught in initial sessions and as HW, and systematic desensitization (with exposure) and distraction techniques would be incorporated in therapy.
After the 15th session, monthly follow-up would be done.
Agoraphobia is a psychological disorder characterised by panic and anxiety. This particular anxiety disorder involves the fear of experiencing a panic attack in a public place where safety may be unavailable, which causes discomfort (Lilienfeld, 2017). This disorder is commonly recognized in women and often arises during adolescent years. Often times, people develop agoraphobia after a previous panic attacks, which than causes them to worry about having another in the future (Agoraphobia, 2017). This results in avoidant behaviours, such as evading places where an attack may occur. There are many causes, symptoms, effects on both the individual with the disorder and their loved ones, as well as a variety of treatments available.
A phobic disorder is marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger. Agoraphobia is an intense, irrational fear or anxiety occasioned by the prospect of having to enter certain outdoor locations or open spaces. For example, busy streets, busy stores, tunnels, bridges, public transportation and cars. Traditionally agoraphobia was solely classified as a phobic disorder. However, due to recent studies it is now also viewed as a panic disorder. Panic disorders are characterised by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly (Weiten, 1998).
Fear motivates many people to act upon matters, right or wrong. This emotion has been important in many events in both works of literature, and in the real world. It has forced military geniuses into retreat, and influenced them to plan another method of attack. Fear can be both a positive and a negative acting force in one’s life, a quality that can motivate one to success as well as to downfall.
Age: Mrs. Hudson is a 37-years old Haitian American woman who lives with her husband of 10 years and two children, ages 8 (son) and 2 (daughter).Mrs. Hudson worked as primary care doctor . Mr. Hudson is a firefighter. She has come to therapy to discuss recent problems; she has been having when leaving her home. Mrs. Hudson describes a pattern of behavior that began four months ago while shopping with her children. She began to experience the following symptoms: heart racing, shortness of breath, sweating palm, and tightness in the chest.
Panic disorder is an anxiety-repeated disorder that affects approximately five percent of the population (Roy-Byrne, Craske, & Stein, 2006). A diagnosis of panic disorder requires that the individual experiences recurrent panic attacks with any of the following: worry about the possibility of future attacks, avoiding places or situations in which the individual fears a panic attack may occur, fear of being unable to escape or obtain help, or any other change in behavior due to the attacks (Roy-Byrne, Craske, & Stein, 2006). Panic attacks are often sudden and the sufferer usually experience physical symptoms such as autonomie, otoneurological, gastrointestinal,or cardiorespiratory distress (Roy-Byrne, Craske, & Stein, 2006). Individuals who suffer from panic disorder typically utilize medical services at a higher rate than those who do not have panic disorder, an impaired social life, and a reduced quality of life (Taylor, 2006). Often times those who suffer from panic disorder may also suffer from depression and general anxiety (Taylor, 2006). According to the Stanford University School of medicine, approximately 50 percent of patients diagnosed with panic disorder will develop depression and approximately 50 percent of depressed patients will develop panic disorder (Taylor, 2006). In addition those who suffer from panic disorder have a higher incidence of suicide, especially those with comorbid depression (Taylor, 2006). Not everyone who experiences a panic attack suffers from panic disorder (Roy-Byrne, Craske, & Stein, 2006). The same physical symptoms of panic disorder may occur when an individual is faced with specific fears and potentially dangerous situations (Roy-Byrne, Craske, & Stein, 2006). The difference b...
Severe anxiety, which can be described as an episode of terror, is referred to as a panic attack. Panic attacks can be extremely frightening. People who experience panic attacks over a prolonged time period may become victims of agoraphobia, which is a psychiatric disorder that is closely associated with the panic disorder. Patients with Agoraphobia avoid certain places or situations such as airplanes, crowded theaters, a grocery store or anyplace from which escape might be difficult. It is said that Agoraphobia can be so severe that it has made certain individuals housebound.
Panic attacks are the third kind of phobia. They can change the quality of a person’s life. Someone with a phobia this bad may be shopping at the supermarket and suddenly experience dizziness and a feeling of being out of control. At that moment, the person experiences a fear of dying, with no safe place to go. When this happens more than once, the person might think they are going crazy. Someone with panic attacks soon won’t leave the house because of fear of a panic attack happening outside the house. Soon, depression s...
Factors that can cause a panic disorder are biological psychological and social factors. Stress is generalized as a psychological factor. Stress is usually cause by life changing events. Stressful event can stress of a job or school, divorce, or in the case of the patient the death of a love one. Stress causes headache and high blood pressure which Will Likely lead to a panic attack. Situations like heart rate and high blood pressure can become external and internal cues that can be Associated with panic attacks this can cause these cues to being conditioned stimulus for panic attacks. This is because leaned alarms. Theses alarms lead to psychological vulnerability. Which are dangerous unexplained physical sensation and anxious apprehension the final step is a panic disorder. The agoraphobia is a result of the unexpected attack. The factors of agoraphobia are lack of safety signals. The patient lost her father which can cause a tremendous amount of stress which leads to her experiencing sensation which became learned alarms. She had a panic attack in a car on the road where there was no one there to help. After the attack she began to worry which can also lead to stress. She began to limit her activities because of the fear of another attack.
Panic disorder is a psychiatric disorder in which debilitating anxiety and fear arise frequently and without reasonable cause. Panic attacks do not happen out of normal fear. Panic attacks happen without reason or warning. If you have panic disorder it could come from one of the following: family history, abnormalities of the brain, substance abuse, or major life stress(Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder. (n.d.). Retrieved March 28, 2016, from http://www.webmd.com/anxiety-panic/guide/mental-health-panic-disorder). This disorder is in the category of anxiety and depression. Panic disorder belongs to axis one, which is clinical disorders, this is the top level of the DSM multiaxial
If you are in a life or death situation, every decision you make stacks the odds either for or against you. Once you make a few bad decisions, you realize that your chances for survival are getting slimmer and slimmer. As this fact settles into your conscious mind, it produces panic. Panic is what happens when the brain can't handle the information it is given. Panic takes over rationality, and as a result, you do and say things that are uncharacteristic of you. Panic destroys your self confidence.
Bryant, Moulds, Guthrie, Dang, Mastrodomenico, et al. (2008) study illustrated that Prolonged exposure (PE) proved to be an effective treatment modality that can be used in addition to other TF-CBT strategies or be used alone. Exposure therapy is a mental health treatment that helps to reduce anxiety through confronting feared thoughts, situations, and activities often associated with traumatic experiences. Foa, Hembree, and Rothbaum (2007) described PE as a treatment that contains, in vivo exposure, imaginal exposure, and processing of imaginal exposure. However, it is also necessary for the mental health practitioner to assist the individual with understanding the rational for PE treatment approach through providing a psychoeducation and training in controlled breathing component. This training and psychoeducation provides the individual information on the nature of trauma and trauma reactions (Foa, Hembree, and Rothbaum,
‘An adequate hypothesis of fear must utilize physiological concepts of cerebral action in addition to psychological terminology. The hypothesis proposes that "fear originates in the disruption of temporally and spatially organized cerebral activities; that fear are distinct from other emotions by the nature of the processes tending to restore equilibrium." The sources of fear involve conflict, sensory deficit, or constitutional change. ‘
The difference between normal worrying and generalized anxiety disorder are the accompanying symptoms as well as the length of time the worrying persists. To occasionally torment oneself with or suffer from distressing thoughts is classified as normal worrying. The symptoms of worrying may vary, but most people experience disturbed feelings and the mental fatigue of being overly concerned with a circumstance. On the other hand, with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) one experiences excessive anxiety under most circumstances, expecting the worst even when there is no obvious or visible reason for concern. The symptoms are being agitated, on edge, easily tired, having difficulty concentrating, muscle tension, and issues with sleep. GAD usually develops during childhood or the adolescent years and the symptoms last as long as six months as opposed to normal worrying which dissipates in a much shorter length of time. (Word count: 141)
Panic Disorder-It is a type of anxiety which is chartered by sudden or brief attacks.
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT) is also often paired with systematic desensitization. CBT is focused on regaining control of reactions to stress and stimuli, ultimately reducing the feeling of helplessness (Palazzolo, 2014). One specific case of Psychotherapeutic Treatment for Aquaphobia takes a closer look at the break down of how systematic desensitization would be applied. Initially, the patient would be given information on their phobia, making it seem as unthreatening as possible and by showing them that they are not alone, as this disorder is common and that there is a cognitive approach to treat their condition. You first explain to the patient step by step the therapy that is going to take place. You ask them to carefully watch themselves throughout each situation and take notice at what parts they find challenging or lead them to avoidance. It is also suggested that the patients rates her anxiety during those situations on a scale from 1-10. The duration of this therapy would be approximately 13 sessions, meeting once a week for 30-45 minutes. The first three sessions are centered around their life and story of their disability, the diagnosis and the analysis of the disorder while working out a review of each sessions and what their ultimate goal