Pancreatic transplantation is an established therapy for patients with type 1 DM. Discuss the evidence, the advantages and disadvantages and the outcomes of pancreatic transplantation. What other developments are they’re relating to beta-cell transplantation and what are the difficulties?
Introduction
Pancreatic transplantation is a surgical procedure in which a diseased pancreas is replaced with a healthy one in type 1 diabetic patients enabling the production of insulin, which they can’t produce endogenously. Pancreas transplant is commonly combined with kidney transplant which was proved to reduce the complications of type 1 DM. Pancreatic transplant is the patients’ key for insulin independence, which in turn, leads to a better quality of life with less diabetes complications, it showed successful outcomes of 76% with well functioning Pancreas a year after. The procedure has been known to be quite popular (1), it had been estimated that over 300 people in the UK are on the waiting list for the transplant (1). Ever since the success of the early pancreas transplant, people are looking forward performing that operation to solve their problems with diabetes.
The first pancreatic transplant was carried out in 1966, at the University of Minnesota Medical Center, by a team, Dr. Kelly, Dr. Lillehei, Dr. Merkel, Dr. Idezuki Y, & Dr. Goetz, who transplanted a kidney and duodenum as well as a pancreas into a 28-year-old woman's body, right after the transplant, her blood sugar levels decreased, and unfortunately she died three months later because of pulmonary embolism. In 1979, in the same center, David E.R. Sutherland, MD, PhD, performed the world's first successful partial pancreas transplant. The University of Minnesota Medical...
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Islet transplantation is a rapidly evolving technology with advantages and disadvantages, that’s why it should be performed only within the setting of controlled research studies.
Conclusion: -
Pancreatic transplant is the patients’ key for insulin independence that leads to a better quality of life, with less diabetic complications. Pancreatic islet cell transplantation is another intervention for life long management for uncontrolled and complicated DM types I especially the hypos. The Indications and contraindications for Pancreas Transplantation and islet cell transplant depend on which type of transplant the patient need. The outcomes of Pancreatic transplant and Islet cell transplantation are promising. Further developments in this field are coming hoping to find effective and efficient solution for DM type1 and its complications.
During the year 1889, two researchers, Joseph Von Mering and Oskar Minkowski, had discovered the disease that is known today as diabetes. Diabetes is a disease in which the insulin levels (a hormone produced in unique cells called the islets of Langerhans found in the pancreas) in the bloodstream are irregular and therefore affect the way the body uses sugars, as well as other nutrients. Up until the 1920’s, it was known that being diagnosed with diabetes was a death sentence which usually affected “children and adults under 30.” Those who were diagnosed were usually very hungry and thirsty, which are two of the symptoms associated with diabetes. However, no matter how much they ate, their bodies wouldn’t be able to use the nutrients due to the lack of insulin. This would lead to a very slow and painful death. In 1922, four Canadian researchers by the names of Frederick G. Banting, Charles H. Best, John J.R. MacLeod, and James B. Collip had discovered a way to separate insulin in the pancreas of dogs and prepare it in such a way so that it can be used to treat diabetic patients. In the year 2008, there were 1,656,470 people who suffered from diabetes in Canada, and by 2010, it is predicted that this disease will take over the lives of 285 million people . Although there is no cure for diabetes, the treatment of prepared insulin is prolonging the lives of diabetics and allowing them to live freely. The discovery of insulin was important and significant in Canada’s history because Banting was a Canadian medical scientist who had a purpose in finding a treatment for diabetes, its discovery has saved lives and improved the quality of life of those suffering from this disease, and it showed the world Canada’s medical technology was ...
According to Lewis and associates, DM is a chronic disease that affects multiple body systems. For the purpose of this paper, only DM type 2 will be discussed based on the assumption that a majority of patients aged 60 years or older have this type. The primary defects of this disease consist of insulin resistance, decreased insulin production, inappropriate glucose production by the liver, and alterations in production of adipokines. Insulin resistance is the result of defects in the body’s insulin receptors. This finding predates all cases of DM type 2 and the development of impaired glucose tolerance. In insulin resistance, beta cells in the pancreas are stimulated to increase insulin production to compensate for the lack of response by the insulin receptors. Gradually, the beta cells begin to fail to secrete enough insulin to meet the body’s demands resulting in hyperglycemia. As a result of increased glucose in the liver, the liver begins to malfunction and release glucose at inappropriate times, thereby worsening hyperglycemia. Adding to the problem, glucose and fat metabolism is altered in adipose tissue, which is generally abundant in those with DM type 2. (Lewis et al., 2011)
6. Claiborn K, Stoffers D. Toward a cell-based cure for diabetes: advances in production and transplant of beta cells. The Mount Sinai Journal Of Medicine, New York [serial online]. August 2008;75(4):362-371. Available from: MEDLINE with Full Text, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 19, 2013.
The article, “Pancreas Transplant: A Cure for Diabetes?” written by Eli A. Friedman, M.D., explores the possibility of a cure for type 1 diabetes and the implications involving this experimental procedure. The article discusses current procedures and treatments that are commonly used to control type 1 diabetes and highlights provisional treatments that evolved into pancreatic transplant surgery.
Organ transplantation is the process of surgically transferring a patient with end-stage organ failure to a healthy, compliant organ. This can be done when a patient’s organ has ceased working, or when the organ does not meet its opportune function. In the article Organ Transplantation: The Process, the author claims that end-stage organ failure can be the product of cardiomyopathy, cirrhosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, cystic fibrosis, hepatitis, diabetes, hypertension, idiopathic pulmonary disease, and short gut syndrome.. Multiple organs can be transplanted at one time. In order for a patient to get a transplant, the patient as well as the donor, have to go through a series of tests.
Successful pancreas transplantation can improve the quality of life of people with diabetes, primarily by eliminating the need for exogenous insulin, frequent daily blood glucose measurements and many of the dietary restrictions imposed by the disorder. Pts who undergo pancreas transplantation require immunosuppression to prevent rejection of the graft and potential recurrence of the autoimmune process that might again destroy pancreatic islet cells.
18. M. McCullough, "Islet transplants offer hope that diabetes can be cured," Philadelphia Inquirer, June 22, 2001 at A1.
Of all of the organs transplanted one of the most demanded is the liver. With an ever growing demand for livers each year there is a great decline in viable donors which in turn leads to longer waiting list and greater risk of malnutrition and/or death in many patients. Their was a study done by the Transplant Outpatient Clinic at the University of Federal de Minas Gerais,Brazil (Ferreira 2).
Diabetes is a chronic disorder of metabolism characterized by a partial or complete deficiency of the hormone insulin. With this, there are metabolic adjustments that occur everywhere in the body. Specific to this child is Type One Diabetes. This is characterized by demolition of the pancreatic beta cells, which produce insulin. Because of this, it leads to complete insulin deficiency. Within Type One diabetes, there are two different forms. First there is immune-mediated deficiency, which typically results from an autoimmune destruction of the beta cells. The second type is called idiopathic type one, in which the cause is unknown. (Wong, Hockenberry, Wilson, 2015)
Organ Transplants: A Brief History (21 February, 2012) Retrieved from History in the Headlines Website: http://www.history.com/news/organ-transplants-a-brief-history
Zimmerman, M. A., Wachs, M., Bak, T., & Kam, I. (n.d.). The History of Liver Transplantation
Diabetes is a disease that I came across when researching my maternal side of my family history. Diabetes is a disease that affects your pancreas an important organ in regulating blood sugar. When a person has diabetes there are two ways it can affect the pancreas because there are two types of the disease. Type-1 diabetes affects the pancreas by not allowing the body to produce enough insulin to keep the body’s blood sugar at a healthy number. The opposite is for Type-2 which produces too much insulin and gives the body too much insulin keeping the blood sugar number above healthy (Type-2).
Diabetes Mellitus is a disease in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps the body’s tissues absorb glucose which is sugar, so it can be used as a source of energy. Glucose levels build up in the blood and urine which causes excessive urination, thirst, hunger, and problems with fat and protein metabolism in a diabetic person. Diabetes is very common in the United States; it is the seventh leading cause of all deaths. Women have been diagnosed with diabetes more than men. There are two forms of diabetes, Type one and Type two diabetes. Type one diabetes is when the body does not produce insulin or produces it in very small quantities. This usually occurs in younger people under twenty years of age, mostly around puberty. Type two diabetes is when the body’s balance between insulin production and the ability of cells to use insulin doesn’t work properly. This is more common than type one; about 90-95% people in the United States have it. There are no cures for diabetes now but there are many researchers investigating factors through new technologies to cure them. Meanwhile, technological advancements are being made to keep glucose at a good level for diabetes.
The average waiting time for kidney is five years, liver is eleven months, heart is four months, lung is four months, and pancreas is two years. Before being put on a transplant list patients are evaluated by physicians to decide whether or not they should go on the list. If they are able to be placed on the waiting list physicians then have to decide when the patient should be put on. During the evaluation physicians have to check a patient’s medical urgency, tissue, blood, and size match with the donor. When determining where certain organs go the patient's race, ethnic background, income, and celebrity status do not play a role.
Transplantation is the procedure of placing a healthy organ in place or your bad organ; this procedure takes a well-trained doctor and a steady hand. There are only a few major organs that can be transplanted to carry out the original job of the organ such as the kidney, liver, and small intestine. Each year over 28,000 people successfully receive an organ transplant. But at the same time the demand for organ donors and/or transplants is much higher than the amount that can be delivered to the public; on average eighteen people die every day due to not being able to ...