PIV MEASUREMENT OF FLUID FLOW INSIDE A HUMAN UTERUS MODEL FOR CRYOABLATION
Xiaolong Luo1, Jim S.J. Chen1, Marla Wolfson2, Charles Philips2, Thomas Shaffer2
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University
2Temple University School of Medicine
Abstract – A new technique has been proposed that allows cryoablation to be achieved on the entire inner surface of the endometrium by circulating very cold perfluorochemical (PFC) fluid inside the human uterus. To understand the PFC flow field inside the uterus during cryoablation, a uterus model was constructed; a fluid delivery system including the fluid delivery probe was designed and built to simulate the PFC flow during cryosurgery. With particle image velocimetry (PIV), the fluid flow inside the uterus was investigated at room temperature to display a 2-D whole field velocity contour and vector plot.
Keywords: PIV, cryoablation, PFC, endometrium
I. INTRODUCTION
Menorrhagia is medically defined as excessive bleeding at menses, in duration or amount. A frequent cause of menorrhagia is uterine fibroid growth. Traditionally, hysterectomy is the main treatment for menorrhagia. Several cryosurgery methods such as localized cryoprobes [1] and balloon ablation [2] have been developed as alternatives to hysterectomy to treat the dysfunction of the endometrium. However, these are localized techniques and sometimes there is still proliferation of the endometrium. A new technique is proposed that allows cryoablation to be achieved on the entire inner surface of the endometrium using a PFC fluid [3]. The objective of this project is to develop an efficient treatment method for abnormal uterine bleeding by freezing the endometrium. It has been shown that a temperature of –30 C is required for destroy tissue necrosis [4].
The heat transfer process during cryoablation was investigated experimentally and numerically (1-D) with good agreement [5], in which a uniform fluid temperature boundary condition was used in the 1-D finite difference method to determine the temperature history in the human uteri of eight patients. This assumed that the fluid flow inside the uterus is uniform, repeatable and controllable. During the experiments it was found that the temperature difference at the inlet and outlet of the insertion probe varied from 10ºC to 50ºC. Inconsistent fluid temperatures may be caused by inadequate circulation of PFC liquid, i.e., recirculation within the uterus. The goal of this study is to understand the flow field inside the uterus cavity during cryoablation so that the desired flow field and uniform temperature field can be obtained, thus proposing an optimal insertion probe design so that minimum PFC liquid and surgery time is used.
The various modes of heat loss during this phase include radiation, convection, conduction and evaporation. Radiation contributes to maximum heat loss (approximately 40%) and is determined by the fourth power of difference between ambient and core temperature. Convection is the next most important mode of heat loss (upto 30%), and is due to loss of heat to air immediately surrounding the body. It is proportional to the square root of the velocity of the air currents. Evaporation contributes to less than 10% of heat loss and occurs from cleaning fluids as well as skin, respiratory, bowel and wound surfaces. Conduction accounts for least heat loss (upto 5%) and is due to cold surfaces in contact with the body such as operating room table. After 3-4 hours, a plateau phase is realized when core heat production equals heat loss to the periphery and core temperature reaches a
Gabriel Fallopius was one of the most noteworthy and respected Italian anatomists of the sixteenth century. He was known as many things during his life time. Although, to this day, he is well known for many of the great discoveries he encountered. During his lifetime of the 16th century, many people didn’t know much about the inside of today’s reproductive system, how they looked like, or what they were. Gabriel Fallopius inspired so many of his students to continue researching in the medical field who later became famous medical professionals. Due to his very successful accomplishments, we are able to learn and observe more of the women’s body to this day.
The physicians at Dallas IVF believes that women should be empowered to take control of their reproductive health, and that’s why our DFW fertility center offers egg freezing. We realize that you likely have a lot of questions about this fertility preserving procedure, and Dr. Mucowski is here to answer them with an informative video.
When babies are being aborted in the first trimester, the method usually used will be the Menstrual Extraction or Suction Aspiration. Menstrual Extraction is when the doctor takes a suction curette (hollow tube with...
In 1983, laparoscopy was being used to evaluate the reproductive tract with a laparoscope alone for diagnostics, or for biopsies or manipulations by an operating laparoscope. Some of the manipulations used were an ovarian biopsy, pelvic mass biopsy, culture of bacteria in the infundibulum, and tubal patency inspection. Then in the 1990’s surgical laparoscopy became very common. E...
Abdominal USG has high sensitivity in assessing pyometra, but it plays a limited role in the diagnosis of perforated pyometra because of its inability to demonstrate the uterine breach and the limited sonographic window available due to pneumoperitoneum . However, this limitation can be overcome by TVS for detecting uterine defect and using dynamic TVS for demonstrating the real time movement of the endometrial collection through the defect into peritoneal
Her mom came into the room rubbing her eyes. “Is everything ok? What’s going on?”
Melinda smiled. “Be true to yourself, and do not let this world consume you. I look forward to seeing you again.”
“Well I can’t talk too much right now I have to go to work. Bye son have a goodnight. Lili I’m leaving alright.” He said and left for the mill.
“What pet shop? Today is the day! We’re going to give our teachers a surprise~ did you forget?” Laila grinned.
This is where a tube attached to a vacuum is inserted into the uterus and sucks out the embryo and all other material. The second type takes place after the 15th week and is called saline infusion. Here, the doctors replace a little fluid with a salt solution. This causes the uterus to contract. The fetus is then expelled. The third type is a hysterotomy.
The nurse should check The fundus for location and whether or not it is firm or “boggy”. To assess the location of the fundus, the nurse will place her nondominant hand above the woman’s symphysis pubis, this supports and anchors the lower uterine segment, the lower uterine segment should always be supported to prevent involution of the uterus. The nurse will then use the flat part of her fingers to paplpate, starting at the umbilicus. The fundus should be located in the medial abdominal region, deviation to the left or right generally indicates a full bladder. The nurse should instruct the woman to empty her bladder, then reassess uterine location. The location of the fundus is measured in fingerbreadths above or below the umbilicus. The nurse will place her fingers flat on the fundus horizontally and measure how many fingers above or below the umbilicus the fundus is located. For instance, if the fundus is palpated one fingerbreadth below the umbilicus, the nurse will document “U/1”. If the nurse palpates the fundus, and it does not feel firm, but feels “boggy”, the nurse will massage the fundus until it becomes firm. If the fundus continues to be “boggy” after becoming firm with fundal massage, the nurse will contune to massage the fundus, and apply pressure in an attempt to expel any clots that may be present. The nurse will then notify the physician and administer oxytocin to facilitate a firm fundus. If
Endometriosis is when the endometrial lining of the uterus bleeds and attaches to other organs and healthy tissues in the body. There is no one organ endometriosis favors it had been known to attach to the bladder, bowel, intestines and fallopian tubes. All though it has been found in the lungs and heart.
“Wait, let's find a different way to play,” she went on. “Like if you go get some stuffed animals from the play room then I’ll show you there are other ways to play.”
This article would not be considered scholarly but it discusses a lot of the same information that the scholarly articles do. It was a good source of personal accounts of those who have experienced Assisted Reproductive Technology.