Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common edocrinopathy affecting women of reproductive age globally. It is characterized by menstrual irregularities, hirsutism and obesity. Different studies worldwide have shown that prevalence of PCOS ranges from 5 to 10% (1-3). Yet, there has been no large scale study to gauge the burden of the disease in South Asia.
According to Government of Pakistan Census in 1998, the estimated number of women in reproductive age group (15-49 years) in the country is 28.5 million, which makes 46 percent of total female population. There is scarcity of data to estimate true burden of the disease amongst these women but in one study , PCOS was found in 20.7% of women of reproductive age group in Pakistan (4).
The diagnosis of this syndrome is mostly clinical. Various sets of clinical features have been used to identify PCOS in studies globally. It was estimated in one study that about 70% of women with anovulation and normal serum gonadotropin levels suffer from PCOS(1), whereas 50% of those with PCOS are overweight(5). Some studies also used ultrasound imaging in diagnosing PCOS and reported a prevalence of 21% to 22%. In a study from North America PCOS with oligomenorrhea alone was found to be prevalent in about 4.4% Whites and 21% Indian women, whereas prevalence of PCOS as defined by both oligomenorrhea and hyperandrogenism ranges from 3.4% to 9% in different ethnicities.(6)
Considering the variation in clinical presentation of PCOS there was no fixed diagnostic criteria available until 1990. In April 1990 National Institutes of Health (NIH) held a conference and defined Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) as having 1) hyperandrogenism, 2) oligoovulation, and 3) exclusion of known dis...
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... growing burden this disease on obstetric outcomes, we also know that there is a huge population at risk in our country. It is therefore important to evaluate PCOS pregnancies in Pakistan. This research aims to identify the local burden of complications of pregnancy among PCOS women. It will not only highlight the magnitude of problem but will help formulate better preventive and interventional strategies for future.
Objectives:
• To determine pregnancy outcomes and neonatal outcomes in women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) managed at Aga Khan University.
• Estimate frequency of multiple conceptions, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Pregnancy Induced Hypertension, Pre-eclempsia, preterm delivery and different modes of delivery in these pregnancies.
• To determine trends in Birth weights, APGAR scores and NICU stay of the neonates born to PCOS mothers.
The Bishop score is a pelvic scoring system developed to make it easier to determine whether a multiparous woman was a suitable candidate for induction of pregnancy. Although the information in the Bishop score was known by many obstetricians for many years, Edward H. bishop is credited because he pulled the pieces together and formed an organized system accompanied by research and statistics to back up his findings. His paper is called the “Pelvic Scoring for Elective Induction”. In this paper, Bishop describes basic minimal requirements that must be met before any patient can be considered for elective induction of labor (1964).
Mazel, Sharon, and Heidi E. Murkoff. "Placenta Previa." What To Expect When You Are Expecting. 4th ed. New York: Workman Publisher, 2008. 552-53.
There are three main reasons women with PCOS get medical attention. The first is that they have missed menstrual cycles. A woman’s period should not be light, short, or irregular. There are steps that a woman’s body needs to go through in order for women to become pregnant. There is a normal menstrual cycle that a woman’s body
It is associated with a higher risk of pregnancy complications and certain ovarian cancers. Due to the importance of this condition, it is critical that patients understand its causes, symptoms, and treatment. By the end of this article, you will have the answers to these essential questions:
There is one dream that every little girl has when growing up, that is becoming a mother; to love and watch her children grow. No one ever dreams of that not happening to them or being part of that group being label as infertile. It happens to millions of women living in the United States every day. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is the most common endocrine disease that affects women of reproductive age, which is typically puberty to menopause. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome does not only affect a woman’s ovaries and chances of conceiving, but it affects the whole endocrine system in the body. It can cause Excess Androgen Production, Insulin Resistant, Obesity, Hirsute and Cardiovascular problems.
Polycystic ovarian syndrome, commonly known as PCOS, is a condition in which the ovaries contain many cysts that are often fluid filled. It is said to be the most common endocrinologic disorder for modern-day women. According to the Health and Wellness Resource Center, ovaries are small organs in the lower abdomen of females. In fact, each one is only the size of an almond! However, with PCOS, as they fill with cysts, they must enlarge to accommodate the cysts. The US Department of Health and Human Services states that every 1 in 10 and 1 in 20 women of childbearing age have PCOS. Also, they state that as many as five million women in the United States alone may be affected. Even girls as young as eleven years old may be affected by PCOS. So, this has become a large part of the modern-day experience for many women and girls.
Endometriosis is a female disease that causes the endometrial tissue to implant and grow outside of the uterus on different organs within the body. Although according to David B. Redwine M.D, FACOG author of 100 questions & answers about Endometriosis,(19) “several cases have been reported in men with same factors usually older men with advanced prostate cancer, or that are undergoing estrogen treatment”. In most cases endometriosis develops as a result of menstrual endometrial tissue that passes backward through the opening of the fallopian tube into the peritoneal cavity. In endometriosis when the menstrual blood that is shed cannot escape, the blood builds up and leads to large painful cysts that can cause inflammation and scarring amongst other problems The Pharmacy Technician foundations and practices(628). The endometrial tissue that grows in multiple places within the body that it’s not suppose to, are known to be benign, but can still cause many problems such as, sharp pelvic pain, infertility, spontaneous bleeding, stress, depression, discomfort and can even lead to endometrial cancer if not treated in its early stages. Depending on where a patient’s endometriosis is located determines the type of symptoms and pain levels they may endure. Endometriosis’s common sites of implantation can range anywhere from the ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix, intestines, and the lining of the pelvic cavity. Endometrial tissue is not confined to just implanting in a women’s reproductive organs, according to womenshealth.gov endometrial tissue has also been found in the lungs, muscles, and brain.
Performance Characteristics of Postpartum Screening Tests for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Women with a History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review, 18(7), Retrieved from http://lib-proxy.calumet.purdue.edu:2461/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?hid=15&sid=af725124-1c4c-4d18-9e92-35d14ad23d66%40sessionmgr4&vid=15&sid=af Diabetes Information Hub -. (2011). The 'Standard' of the 'Standard'. Retrieved from http://diabetesinformationhub.com/GestationalDiabetes.php. Mayo Clinic. (2010).
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder and is the most common cause of infertility in women. Women of all ethnicities may be affected. PCOS's principal signs and symptoms are related to
As females we are taught to maintain a healthy body by eating the right foods, exercising and scheduling regular checkups with the doctor. However, there are several diseases that affect the human female body. Pelvic inflammatory disease is one of many diseases that affect the female reproductive system, and it is a disease women should be concerned with.
The cause of endometriosis continues to remain unknown. It has been researched for many decades and...
Around the world, more than 200,000 women are estimated to develop ovarian cancer every year and about 100,000 die from the disease. The lifetime risk of a woman developing epithelial ovarian cancer is one in seven. Most theories of the pathophysiology of ovarian cancer include the concept that it begins with the dedifferentiation of the cells overlying the ovary. During ovulation, these cells can be incorporated into the ovary, where they then proliferate. Ovarian cancer typically spreads to the peritoneal surfaces and omentum. The precise cause of ovarian cancer is unknown, but several risk and contributing factors have been identified. These include the following: age, obesity, drug or alcohol abuse, diet, hormone therapy, women without children and women who had early menarche or late menopause. Early ovarian cancer causes minimal, nonspecific, or no symptoms. Most cases are diagnosed in an advanced stage. Epithelial ovarian cancer presents with a wide variety of vague and nonspecific symptoms, including the following: bloating, abdominal distention or discomfort, pressure effects on the bladder and rectum, constipation, vaginal bleeding, indigestion and acid reflux, shortness of breath, tiredness, weight loss, and early
...and Gynecology. (2009, December 31). Clinical Management Guidelines for Obstetrician-Gynecologists. ACOG Compendium of Selected Publications , pp. 281-293.
In our day today life everybody is having a problem to lead their life. Compare to men, women are having so many problem to life survive life, health wise also they are more prone to get certain conditions such as cancer breast, cervix and uterus. For cancer cervix the best painless, easiest and simplest test is Pap smear. It is nothing but the papanicolao (pap) smear. Every woman must go do Pap smear test, after marriage and at yearly once.
A lot of pregnancies have led to maternal mortality and maternal morbidity. This area of concern is often situated with MFM subspecialists, in order to reduce the rate of maternal mortality and maternal morbidity (Haywood, B., 2012). The Society for Maternal-fetal Medicine also strives to improve maternal and child birth outcomes by standards of prevention, diagnosis and treatment through research, education and training. (Schubert, K. & Cavarocchi, N., 2012) In order for MFM subspecialists to help reduce the rate of maternal deaths, they must receive adequate training and education, including research, which is very essential for treatment. The main focus of the MFM subspecialist is early diagnosis of fetal abnormalities, pathogenesis, and early diagnosis and treatment of pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction. In ...