CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Oxidation is defined as an electrochemical process in which any metal or any alloy chemically combines with oxygen or oxygen containing gases at elevated temperatures [1]. After process of oxidation, new crystalline compounds called oxides are formed since the atomic diffusion limits the oxidation process rate so oxidation also can be called a diffusion-controlled process. In our study, oxidation refers to a process in which the steel reacts with air at elevated temperature. The oxidation of allots and metals is accelerated at elevated temperatures. This is commonly observed in gas turbines, I.C. engines, boilers, industrial waste incinerators, diesel engines and chemical plants. Present project work has been reported on the development of the protection measures against air oxidation. Already lots of the work have been reported regarding the same protection measures. In many of the cases the oxi...
2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol. The molecular weight of this compound is 146.2g/mol. It is converted into 2-ethyl-1-hydroxyhexan-3-one. This compounds molecular weight is 144.2g/mol. This gives a theoretical yield of .63 grams. My actual yield was .42 grams. Therefore, my percent yield was 67%. This was one of my highest yields yet. I felt that this was a good yield because part of this experiment is an equilibrium reaction. Hypochlorite must be used in excess to push the reaction to the right. Also, there were better ways to do this experiment where higher yields could have been produced. For example PCC could have been used. However, because of its toxic properties, its use is restricted. The purpose of this experiment was to determine which of the 3 compounds was formed from the starting material. The third compound was the oxidation of both alcohols. This could not have been my product because of the results of my IR. I had a broad large absorption is the range of 3200 to 3500 wavenumbers. This indicates the presence of an alcohol. If my compound had been fully oxidized then there would be no such alcohol present. Also, because of my IR, I know that my compound was one of the other 2 compounds because of the strong sharp absorption at 1705 wavenumbers. This indicates the presence of a carbonyl. Also, my 2,4-DNP test was positive. Therefore I had to prove which of the two compounds my final product was. The first was the oxidation of the primary alcohol, forming an aldehyde and a secondary alcohol. This could not have been my product because the Tollen’s test. My test was negative indicating no such aldehyde. Also, the textbook states that aldehydes show 2 characteristic absorption’s in the range of 2720-2820 wavenumbers. No such absorption’s were present in my sample. Therefore my final product was the oxidation of the secondary alcohol. My final product had a primary alcohol and a secondary ketone
The change in enthalpy for the combustion of magnesium metal. Abstract = == ==
The apparent market trends cannot be ignored. Sealed Air must enter the uncoated market to maintain its leadership position. Using a frontal attack, it can achieve its objective and minimize associated issues by differentiating its product, leveraging its international ties, undercutting prices, and improving its promotional efforts.
From the day-to-day use of CFC’s (Chloro fluoro carbons) and other depletion substances the ozone wears off more and more. These substances are referred to as ozone-depleting substances (ODS). They are usually found in chemicals and as a result of causing depletion in the ozone layer, cause skin cancer and disorder in humans and animals as well. CFC’s are used as coolers in refrigerators, and air conditioners. They used to be used in car air conditioners until 1995, when it was discovered the CFS’s were depleting the ozone. Industrially, they are found in solvents and sometimes in dry cleaning agents. Furthermore, cleaning agents, foam insulation and packaging materials are also known to aid in the ozone depletion.
Oxidation is the process of something being rusted or oxidized. This process has many ways to oxidize something. For example, when something is exposed to moisture it begins to oxidize. If a banana is is sitting out for too long, it will start turning brown and getting bruised up. That is what oxidation is. Technically the item doesn’t always have to turn into rust, like I said, it is many ways things can be oxidized. Oxidation is the loss of electrons in something. So like that banana it has lost its electrons so therefore it can no longer hold its fresh yellow color. It is going to oxidize because of the exposure to the moisture in the environment it is in. There would be no such thing as oxidation if it were not for oxygen.
...ove to other shop areas from contaminated hands and footwear. Replace all latex gloves with extended-cuff nitrile gloves. Workers may also use nitrile gloves in addition to every practical task performed in the shop, from surface preparation to application of paints and coatings. A supplied air respirator is the best choice for protecting workers. However, the compressor and other associated equipment must be properly maintained and must deliver sufficient uncontaminated air. A full face air purifying respirator equipped with organic vapor cartridges and N95 pre-filters is the second-best choice. This equipment provides eye full protection. Any respirator must be used within a defined respiratory protection program, including fit testing (for tight fitting styles) and a formal cartridge change-out schedule. ("Preventing Injury and Illness in Auto Body Shops." N.p.).
in 5cm³ of water and add 4cm³ of ethanol. We had tom pour this mixture
longer it will take electrons to get to the end of the wire. This is
Chemical oxidation method, appear to have the maximum ability for use within the textile wastewater industry [37]. Treatment of spent dye effluent by means of a method using ultraviolet light (UV) and a strong oxidant is an effective alternative for the removal of color. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the most common oxidant utilized in combination with UV. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) additionally has oxidative capabilities for color elimination. Further, UV in aggregate with ClO2 is a likely treatment for the reduction of colored effluent from textile dyeing facilities. Ozone is one of the most powerful oxidizers commercially to be had and famous for huge complex organic molecules of dyes, detergents, phenols etc. it may be broken the compounds into easier one. It can also oxidize organics and inorganics compounds, hence the disposal of color and odors. For most commercial applications ozone needs to be produced at situ. In textile effluent it
In order to decide upon the voltage and lengths of wire to use in the
This paper will provide a detailed discussion about iron metal. The chemical, physical and mechanical properties of iron metal will be discussed. Additionally, the occurrence and major applications of the metal will also be provided. This is intended to provide an understanding of the iron metal and the chemistry around it. The geometry of coordination together with the different oxidation states will be included in the discussion. It should be noted that iron is one of the few metals that is considered to have wide range of applications. There are many devices, accessories and equipment that are made out of iron metal. Its abundance on earth is also something that is considered to be of great importance. Just like other metals, iron is extracted from the earth’s crust through mining process. Iron is extracted from the earth in form of iron ore.
Air pollution is a type of pollution that can severely damage our environment as well as the earth’s atmosphere. Air pollution occurs all the time when the air contains many substances ...
In the 21st century, some major issues have emerged along with the advancement of science and technology, ozone layer depletion is one of them. Ozone layer depletion has become a worldwide concern due to the rapid deterioration of the volume of the ozone layer, also for the increasing threat to all living organism and their functions. Increasing uses of CFCs and halocarbons have led to an emergence of various health issues and environmental problems which are in some cases fatal.
To begin with, the first type of hazard/exposure is fire and explosion. Fire is highly flammable and the vapor is heavier than normal air. It can travel for a considerable distance to source of ignition and flash back. Fire can be of 3 types: small, large and fire involving tanks or cars or trailer loads. An acute hazard can be the vapor/air mixtures that cause explosions. One way of preventing is to not open flames and sparks as well as no smoking. It is also preferable to take off reactions in clo...
Metals possess many unique fundamental properties that make them an ideal material for use in a diverse range of applications. Many common place things know today are made from metals; bridges, utensils, vehicles of all modes of transport, contain some form of metal or metallic compound. Properties such as high tensile strength, high fracture toughness, malleability and availability are just some of the many advantages associated with metals. Metals, accompanied by their many compounds and alloys, similar properties, high and low corrosion levels, and affects, whether negative or positive, are a grand force to be reckoned with.