Overview of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
analytical Essay
1821 words
Overview of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Description and History Trauma and stress has been a part of the human condition since we evolved as a species. A “fight-or-flight” response to trauma and stress is a healthy reaction that is meant to protect us from danger. Whether from a saber tooth tiger attack, combat, or a terrorist attack, such events will certainly produce similar psychological effects. However individuals who develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may continue to feel tormented when they are no longer in danger. PTSD is not a new concept and we can see indication of this disorder as far back as The Bible (the Book of Job), the Mahabharata, Shakespeare and Charles Dickens. As the years passed, new names were given to this disorder. For example, names like, ‘Soldiers Heart’, ‘Estar Roto’, ‘Combat Exhaustion’ and ‘Shell Shock’. Perhaps the most infamous was ‘Shell Shock’. Before mental illness was understood, soldiers returning from war who were not able to recover were labeled as useless and weak. It was not until the modern warfare of World War I and the rise of modern psychology when experts realized the existence of a mental illness (Gersons, 1992). In 1915 Charles Myers coined the term “Shell Shocked” to describe solders that were fearful, crying and had persistent memory intrusions. The name ‘shell shock’ was given due to the thought that the explosions of ammunition, bombs, and concussive force were affecting soldiers. It was not until World War II and then the Vietnam War when researchers realized this problem could be an “anxiety disorder” rather than a short-term adjustment (Trimble, 1986). These wars were a huge boost to PTSD research, because you could find a large number of people suff... ... middle of paper ... ...ir. Perf. Jeff Bridges, Isabella Rossellini and Rosie Perez. Warner Bro., 1993. Videocassette. Gersons, B. P., and I. V. Carlier. "Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: The History of a Recent Concept." The British Journal of Psychiatry 161.6 (1992): 742-48. Print. Kuhne, Arthur, Elizabeth Baraga, and John Czekala. "Completeness and Internal Consistency of DSM-III Criteria for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder." Journal of Clinical Psychology 44.5 (1988): 717-22. Print. Schwartz, Lee S. "A Biopsychosocial Treatment Approach to Post-traumatic Stress Disorder." Journal of Traumatic Stress 3.2 (1990): 221-38. Print. Trimble, M. "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and the War Veteran Patient." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 49.7 (1986): 851. Print. Turnbull, Gordon J. "The Biology of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder." Psychiatry 5.7 (2006): 221-24. Print.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that trauma and stress have been part of the human condition since we evolved as a species. however, individuals who develop posttraumatic stress disorder may continue to feel tormented when they are no longer in danger.
- Explains that the apa added ptsd to the third edition of its diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (dsm-iii).
- Analyzes how max klein survived a plane crash that killed almost everyone on board, including his friend and business partner. he disassociated his fears and encapsulated them in an unconscious compartment.
- Recommends this film as an example of ptsd, but not necessarily as a “must watch.”
- Explains that the dsm-v was revised to the diagnostic criteria of ptsd. the criterion requires being explicit as to whether qualifying traumatic events were directly, witnessed, or experienced indirectly.
- Explains that up to 92% of people with ptsd also have another psychological disorder, such as depression, other anxiety disorders, or substance abuse.
- Explains that ptsd runs in families, and genetics play a role in the development of anxiety disorders. the concordance rate is twice as high for monozygotic twins.
- Explains that ptsd is associated with the depletion of serotonin in the neural synapses. medications such as prozac, luvox, and zoloft are the choice for anxiety disorders.
- Opines that the film did a great job of portraying ptsd, stating that it is misleading to portray an ‘off switch’ cure.
- Analyzes how the moments that held the most impact were when max spoke about his death or already being dead.
- Explains balibey, hakan, and adem balikci's "travma sonras stres bozukluu tanl hastada göz hareketleri le
- Explains the history of post-traumatic stress disorder in the british journal of psychiatry.
Related
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- Impact Of Trauma And PTSDcomparative essayImpact of Trauma and PTSD There are two types of trauma that lead to PTSD symptoms among young people. One is exposure to a sudden, one-time event whereas the other is the result of exposure of repeated events. No matter what the “cause” was the condition in childhood and adolescence can effect normal development which can disrupt the acquisition of the skills necessary for a child to become self-sufficient. Because brain development occurs fairly rapidly if a trauma is experiences parts of the brain may slow or stop in their development process. This paper will discuss how to recognize and treat PTSD, limitations of treatment options, treatment options, training for professionals, and ethnic differences.
In this essay, the author
- Explains the variety and complexity of children's reactions to traumatic events and how reactions unfold over time.
- Describes the benefits of evidence-based treatment for children and families and explains which type of treatment is optimal for different individuals or groups.
- Explains that hamblem and barnet (2014) discussed events that can cause ptsd in children, including sexual abuse or violence, physical abuse, and witnessing violence.
- Explains that there are two types of trauma that lead to ptsd symptoms among young people.
- Concludes that ptsd is increasingly recognized to be a prevalent and disabling disorder in children and adolescents and there are some advances in learning to recognize the risk factors and pathogenesis.
1016 wordsRead More - PTSD: The Pandemic Affecting Soldiersexplanatory essayEpstein, Jack, and Johnny Miller. "U.S. Wars and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder." SFGate. San Francisco Gate, 22 June 2005. Web. 08 May 2014.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that steven e ambrose, author of band of brothers, said it best when he wrote, "we know how to win wars. we must learn now to win peace."
- Explains the origins of the term "shell shock" — it was created in 1915 by charles myers to describe soldiers suffering from involuntary shivering, crying, fearfulness, and constant intrusion of memory.
- Explains that shell shock, or "soldier's heart," had become a serious medical and military problem during wwi. the british army called in doctor charles s. myers as consulting psychologist to the british expeditionary force.
- Explains that post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd) can occur from a variety of traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings and natural disasters.
- Opines that funding should be provided to the va hospitals to help veterans with ptsd, as suicide rates for veterans are staggering.
- States that epstein, jack, and johnny miller, "u.s. wars and post-traumatic stress disorder." sfgate. san francisco gate, 22 june 2005.
1051 wordsRead More - Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)explanatory essayEXAM 10 Question 1 Discuss the major symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). What are steps in treatment? Intro
In this essay, the author
- Explains that post-traumatic stress syndrome can affect anyone who has experienced a traumatic event in the course of their life.
- Explains that anxiety is a "normal part of life" and that it changes when the normal response changes. post-traumatic stress disorder is an anxiety disorder that can occur when someone experiences traumatic events.
- Explains post-traumatic stress syndrome, defined by mandell and schram, as the common anxiety disorder that develops after exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal in which grave harm occurred or was threatened.
- Explains that the dsm-5 requires several things to meet a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder.
- Explains that treatment can improve ptsd. one study showed that 50% of “ptsd cases improve within 6 months of treatment” (comer, pg.
- Explains that ptsd is an anxiety disorder that affects people of any age. many military veterans suffer from combat stress and can suffer for years after the traumatic events they’ve witnessed.
- Describes counseling services offered for employees who witness or are victims of violence or a traumatic experience that occurs on the job.
- Explains that the counseling profession is designed to all a variety of people. workplace violence is on the rise and the counselor must collaborate with business to meet the growing needs of employees when these acts occur.
- Explains that rutgers university school of criminal justice states that there are three types of workplace violence: one is motivated by robbery and the perpetrator has no legitimate relationship to the business or employees.
- Explains that people who work in health care, social services, and criminal justice are at risk of workplace violence.
- Explains that while workplace violence is on the rise, many businesses do not have counseling services on demand. employers should offer group counseling sessions and debriefings so employees can discuss trauma and emotions.
- Opines that businesses can be proactive by having established protocols in place that help keep employees safe, emergency counseling services available, and specialized insurance to cover the costs of mental health care for employees.
- Describes the concerns of victims of political and social upheavals and gives examples of services being offered to help them.
- Explains that social upheavals can cause conflict, hostility, and violence. counseling can help people who have had their lives impacted by them.
- Explains that social upheaval occurs when people see something they feel is an injustice and try to change it.
- Explains that the causes of social upheaval can be varied and complex. some people protest their opposition to war, others protest for "equal rights like the civil rights movement dr. martin luther king lead."
- Opines that counseling services must be made available to residents of communities who’ve experienced social upheaval. the city of ferguson has stepped up to offer free counseling service for the community.
- Explains that mandell states that if change doesn't happen, the stick might be threatened or used. this was the mindset of the people of ferguson; they were frustrated, felt voiceless and wanted to bring attention to what they feel is an ongoing injustice.
1617 wordsRead More - Exposure to Trauma: PTSDexplanatory essayHowever, the argument that exposure to traumatic event can always result in mental health problems has become controversial because it can stigmatize those who do not believe they have been affected in an adverse manner. Fortunately, only a small percentage of people experience severe enough lose or trauma reactions to meet the criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), and most people appear to fully recover from any adverse effect within a relatively short period of time, and to successfully overcome potentially traumatic events with little or no disruption in their normal ability to function (Shalev, 2002). Therefore, it is important to note that “the emergence of interest in the concept of resilience comes at the peak of success of the concept of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), serving as a reminder that there is a wide range of possible responses to the same objective event” (Bonanno, Galea, Bucciarelli, & Vlahov, 2007). At the same time, research on the nature of ind...
In this essay, the author
- Opines that describing a psychological or mental health response following exposure to traumatic events as one universal mechanism has turned out to be unachievable goal since there is no single response to it.
- Argues that the argument that exposure to traumatic events can always result in mental health problems has become controversial because it stigmatizes those who do not believe they have been affected in an adverse manner.
- Explains that the study of the influence of individual differences on ptsd has helped them understand a word, resilience.
- Explains that posttraumatic stress disorder is followed by a sudden, dangerous, and overwhelming life event.
- Explains that ptsd prevalence may vary according to the diagnostic criteria used to define the disorder, but recent empirical research indicates resilience actually reveals the most frequently observed outcomes.
- Explains that the trauma literature is dominated by studies of ptsd and its treatment, so little was known about the factors that might foster or suppress resilience due to lack of extensive studies on resilience.
- Argues that resilient factors can be considered the converse of risk factors. they observe unique associations between factors and resilient outcomes and various results depending on different settings.
- Explains rutter's argument that resilience is more than just the flip side of risk factors, but rather represents qualities encompassing process and mechanism that confer protection.
- Explains that trauma represents a subjective response to ptes, which is shaped by one's view, perception, or interpretation of the event.
- Describes optimism as the tendency to have positive expectancies about the future. most optimistic individuals attribute negative events to temporary, specific, and external causes. they exhibit lower levels of depressive symptoms and better physical wellbeing.
- Explains that there are possible disadvantages of a generalized expectation tendency of positive outcomes.
- Cites kessler, sonnega, bromet, hughes, m., & nelson, c. b. (2000). diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders.
- Explains that bonanno, galea, bucciarelli, and vlahov predict psychological resilience after disaster.
- Explains that bonanno, papa, and o'neill, have underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events.
- Explains kilpatrick, resnick, milanak, miller, keyes, k.m., and friedman, m.j.'s findings in the journal of traumatic stress.
- Explains stroebe, w., hansson, r. o. & stronebe. contemporary themes and controversies in bereavement research.
- Cites ozer ej, best sr, lipsey tl, weiss ds, brewin, c. r, andrews, b, & valentine, j. d.
1515 wordsRead More - The Red Convertible by Louise Erdrichanalytical essayOzer, Emily, and Daniel Weiss. "Who Develops Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?." Current Directions in Psychological Science. 13.4 (2004): 169-172. Web. 14 Apr. 2014.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that ptsd, also known as post-traumatic stress disorder, can cause change and bring about pain and stress in many different forms to the victims' families.
- Analyzes how the red convertible symbolizes the strong bond that was once held between the brothers.
- Analyzes how the journal, who develops post-traumatic stress disorder, states how people are diagnosed and what causes ptsd.
- Analyzes how the family suffered through henry's ptsd. the family couldn't go to the doctors because the mother had an affair with the doctor.
- Analyzes how the car symbolized the change of henry's relationship with his brother, but lyman didn't.
- Analyzes how lyman gives a clear description of how henry suffered through the issues that he had gone through.
- Analyzes how the red convertible symbolizes the brotherhood of the two brothers. ptsd caused them to emotionally separate, but they still loved each other and this love is the highest value of their life.
1064 wordsRead More - Post Traumatic Stress Disorder In The Novel 'Mulberry'analytical essayFrom “exhaustion” during the Napoleonic war to “shell shock” during World War I, and “combat fatigue” during World War II (PTSD:A cultural 30). However, the name Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has only been formally introduced into the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-III) in 1980 (Andreasen 67). Some psychologists argue that the inclusion of PTSD in the DSM-III legitimated this psychological disorder although many argue that it was merely a relabeling of what had already been described as “shell shock,” “combat trauma” or “combat fatigue” ( 67). Nevertheless, the question is, has PTSD always existed? Was the symptoms Mr. Culpepper, a veteran of World War II, exhibited a
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how paulette boudreaux shows how children as innocent as maddy and her brothers were affected by a vicious circle where their ptsd victim father abused and neglected them when they needed him.
- Argues that the inclusion of ptsd in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder (dsm-iii) in 1980 legitimized this psychological disorder.
- Defines post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd) as an anxiety disorder that can occur following the experience or witnessing of a traumatic event.
- Analyzes how post traumatic stress disorder (ptsd) causes intense anxiety, intrusive memories, and nightmarish flashbacks that interfere with the patient's daily life.
- Analyzes how the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder can strike the individual at any time, most commonly when he or she is reminded of the event that caused the disease.
- Explains that ptsd can be divided into three general categories: re-experiencing, avoiding experiences, and hyperarousal. alcoholism falls into the category of avoidance symptoms, as the individual may use the alcohol to numb their pain or gain some measure of control in their life.
- Explains that when alcohol is used to manage ptsd symptoms, the symptoms of the disorder become more severe. culpepper failed to understand that alcohol cannot change the underlying past nor erase the pain.
- Analyzes how alcohol, as a central nervous system depressant, can worsen depression and anxiety and interfere with normal everyday activities. mr. culpepper was drunk and involved in an altercation with one of the party attendee.
- Opines that maddy and her brothers are mistreated and living a life full of suffering.
1589 wordsRead More - Implications of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder for War Veteranscomparative essayImplications of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder for War Veterans War is a complex concept that is increasingly difficult to understand, particularly in an age that allows for live images of combat to be beamed around the world. Many war films depict the brutalities of war and affects war has on participants, but it seems that these representations merely skim the surface. The 20th century is an era that saw a significant amount of military action: World Wars I and II, the Cold War, Vietnam, and the Gulf War - millions of men fought, some survived and live among us today. Unfortunately, the war experience for many veterans is traumatizing and as a result, many have been diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This disorder is often quite mentally debilitating; this, then, begs the question of the social implications of the disorder as well as whether this has any bearing on the necessity of war.
In this essay, the author
- Narrates how they are going to vietnam and fighting a war.
- Explains that kulka, richard a., trauma and the vietnam war generation, new york: brunner/mazel publishers, 1990.
- Explains wilson, john p., et al. human adaptation to extreme stress, new york: plenum press, 1988.
- Explains that war is a complex concept that is increasingly difficult to understand, especially in an age where live images of combat are beamed around the world.
- Compares the military's image as a highly organized and efficient unit with the reality of war as chaotic, terrifying, and anything but meticulously executed.
1565 wordsRead More - Military: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorderexplanatory essayMilitary PTSD: Reasons and Methods Used to Help Troops Cope For the past decade, the United States of America has been a participant in an ongoing war, sending military troops for combat in many areas throughout the globe. Due to the ongoing events overseas, troops are subject to serve multiple tours, forcing some to return to combat shortly after their arrival back to the United States. After arriving home from their served tours, military troops often find themselves in a constant battle with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Post-Traumatic Stress disorder (PTSD), is an anxiety disorder resulting from a life threatening traumatic event.
In this essay, the author
- Explains the purpose of this study, which is to identify the reasons troops suffer from ptsd and the methods the military, va, and community-based treatment facilities are using to diminish the effects.
- Explains the purpose of this study, which is to identify the reasons troops suffer from ptsd and the methods the military, va, and community-based treatment facilities are using to diminish the effects.
- Describes cesur, sabia, j.j., tekin, e. the psychological costs of war: military combat and summary
- Explains sharpless, b. a., and barber, j. p. (2011), a clinician's guide to ptsd treatments for returning.
- Explains that military troops suffer from ptsd due to traumatic exposure during combat and sexual assault.
- Explains that the military, va, and community-based treatment facilities are using psychopharmacology and psychotherapy to help troops with ptsd.
1335 wordsRead More - Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Implications For Brainanalytical essayThroughout the course of this semester we have examined numerous issues which have all had different implications for the brain = behavior argument. Some who have been skeptical of the validity of this idea have been swayed by observations that processes and behaviors they originally thought to have a cloudy neurobiological basis in fact have a sound biological and physiological underpinning. One such phenomenon which can help elucidate the ongoing brain = behavior debate is Post-Traumatic Stress disorder, or PTSD. Most people are familiar in some sense with the phenomenon of PTSD. This phenomenon has been renamed, reworked, and redefined numerous times over the past century. The approach to understanding PTSD and the more general notion of traumatic experience has been an interdisciplinary undertaking, involving the fields of medically oriented psychiatry, psychology, sociology, history, and even literature (1). The reason for this interdisciplinary approach is that the greater perception of the phenomenon is seen as having much more than a simple biological basis. It is seen as having multiple external influences. This view is a result of the often overwhelming sense that whatever biological mechanisms are present must be unintelligibly complex. However, there are certain aspects of PTSD which, upon examination, allow one an easy foray into the neurobiology of the disorder. Cathy Caruth, a leading trauma theorist, discusses the definition of PTSD: "While the precise definition of post-traumatic stress disorder is contested, most descriptions generally agree that there is a response, sometimes delayed, to an overwhelming event or events, which takes the form of rep...
In this essay, the author
- Argues that ptsd is rooted in neurobiology and supports the notion of brain = behavior.
- Explains that the role of the physical in the phenomenon of traumatic events is often overlooked because it is not entirely evident how it plays into these scenarios.
- Explains that the brain = behavior argument plays a significant role in the discussion of ptsd.
- Argues that ptsd is a neurobiologically definable suppression that is independent of the conscious processing functions of patients' brain.
- Explains that trauma has long-term effects on the neurochemical response to stress, including the magnitude of the catecholamine response and the duration and extent of cortisol response.
- Explains the link between the neurobiology of ptsd and the ability to treat its numerous psychodynamic maladjustments.
- Concludes that ptsd is a disorder whose neurobiology is sound, despite being unrecognized in the lay public.
- Cites the book sensorimotor psychotherapy: one method for processing traumatic memory by pat ogden and kekuni minton.
- Explains robert c. scaer's "the neurophysiology of dissociation and chronic disease."
- Cites bessel a. van der kolk and onno van der hart's "approaches to the treatment of ptsd."
- Argues that traditional psychotherapy addresses cognitive and emotional elements of trauma, but lacks techniques that work directly with physiological elements.
1874 wordsRead More - A Will to Liveexplanatory essayGaskell. "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." NCBI. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2005. Web. 17 Nov. 2013.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that trauma scars the injured party deeper than people realize. project unbreakable gives emotional reassurance that the wounded are not alone.
- Opines that writing and literature help victims overcome trauma and conquer it.
- Explains that the trauma survivors network helps people like heather to move forward with the certainty they are doing the right thing for their physical wellbeing and their loved ones emotional state.
- Explains that "types of traumatic stress" is a national child trauma stress network. gaskell, "post-traumatic stress disorder." ncbi.
1172 wordsRead More