Introduction
OA is a musculoskeletal disease that causes chronic joint pain and reduced physical functioning (Laba, brien, Fransen, & jan, 2013). Osteoarthritis (OA) is a non-inflammatory disorder of synovial joints that results in loss of hyaline cartilage and remodeling of surrounding bone. OA is the single most common joint disease, with an estimated prevalence of 60% in men and 70% in women later in life after the age of 65 years, affecting an estimated 40 million people in the United States (Goodman & Fuller, 2009). Women are more commonly affected after the age of 55, almost everyone has some symptoms by the age of 70 (Tan, Zahara, Colburn & Hawkins, 2013, p.78). Osteoarthritis can be described radiological, clinical, or subjective. It commonly affects hands, hips, knees, shoulders, and the spine (Walker, 2011, p. 14). Osteoarthritis is an intrinsic defect in the joint cartilage. Caused by slowly progressive deterioration of articular cartilage that is accompanied by degenerative bony changes, including thickening of the subchondral bone cyst, and formation of large bony protrusions (osteophytes) at the joint margins. Osteoarthritis usually occurs in the large weight bearing joints such as the knees and hips, as well as some of the smaller joints in the hands and feet (Ciccone, 2007,p. 229). ). It is predicted by 2020 to become the fourth leading cause of disability globally (Laba et al., 2013, p.2). According to Juby and Davis (2011), these changing demographics with the aging of the “baby boomer” generation will likely result in an increase in the prevalence of both degenerative and inflammatory arthritis, and timely access to appropriate care and maximization of therapeutic interventions will be vital to maintain indepe...
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Rubak, T., Svendsen, S., Søballe, K., & Frost, P. (2013). Risk and rate advancement periods of total hip replacement due to primary osteoarthritis in relation to cumulative physical workload. Scandinavian Journal Of Work, Environment & Health, 39(5), 486-494. doi:10.5271/sjweh.3365
Ruby, A., & Davis, P. (2011). Studies in osteo-arthritis using intra-articular temperature response to injection of hydrocortisone acetate and prednisone. Annals Of The Rheumatic Diseases,
Tulunay, F. (2000). NSAIDs: behind the mechanisms of action. Functional Neurology, Suppl 15 (3) 202-207.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Protecting and Promoting Your Health (n.d.) Dietary Supplements Retrieved from: http://www.fda.gov/aboutfda/transparency/basics/ucm193949.htm
Walker, J. (2011). MANAGEMENT OF OSTEOARTHRITIS. Nursing Older People, 23(9), 14-19.
In 2015, Doweiko’s research found that ”It is impossible for drugs to travel throughout the body without possible side effects“ (Doweiko, 2015, p.16). ”Prime affects versus side effects have been studied in order to find out how drugs harm but are contributing to healing“ (Doweiko, 2015, p. 16). The primary concern appears to be whether harm has to be the lesser concern in order to heal. Aspirin was used as an example of the healing component versus the side
The FDA was given the authority to approve pharmaceutical products for marketing in the U.S. as a result of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, passed in 1938 (FDA par 2). In 1960’s, the agency issued final regulations for prescription drug advertising, which stipulated that these ads must not be false or misleading, present a “fair balance” of information describing both the risks and benefits of a drug, include facts that are “material” to the product’s advertised uses, and include a “brief summary” that mentions every risk described in the product’s ...
Consuming energy drinks such as Red Bull, Monster and the 5- Hour Energy Shot, which contains caffeine and other additives, is dangerous to an individual’s health and in some cases fatal. Manufacturers of energy drinks claim consumption of their products will improve athletic performance, concentration and reaction time, as well increase basal metabolism. However, manufacturers’ of energy drinks add additional energy-enhancing ingredients such as glucose, taurine, guarana and ginseng. Each of those ingredients has numerous adverse side effects, see table 1 on page 8. Yet, energy drink manufacturers are not required to list the amount or type of additive used in their products. According to the Food and Drug administration (FDA), approval of the FDA is required in order to use additives in conventional foods. Dietary supplements, is considered by the FDA as generally recognizes safe by qualified experts therefore not considered a food additive. Unfortunately, the FDA need not approve adding them to conventional foods such as drinks. Consequently, manufacturers of energy drinks are taking advantages of this by labeling their products as “dietary supplements. “ Therefore, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) should be in a position to regulate the ingredients added to energy drinks. In addition, the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), which regulates both dietary supplements and conventional foods does not require manufacturers of conventional foods to report serious adverse events (FDA, 2012).
Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis, it affects millions of people around the world. It is also known as Degenerative Joint Disease or Degenerative Arthritis or Wear & Tear Arthritis. Osteoarthritis occurs when the protective cartilage in the joints wear down over time. While osteoarthritis can affect any joint in your body, it more often is seen in the knees, hips, hands, neck, and lower back it worsens as you grow older and has no known cure.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) is a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments. The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs (medications), vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, electromagnetic radiation emitting devices (ERED), cosmetics, animal foods & feed and veterinary products.
To begin, the Federal Food and Drug Administration does not have the power to regulate supplements like it does with drugs. Once a product is out on the market, the FDA has to prove that it is dangerous or has illegal additives before it can be removed. The FDA has targeted around seventy tainted weight loss products after learning that they had been mixed with undeclared stimulants, diuretics, and antidepressants (Trebilcock 2). The Federal Food, and Drug, Administration is responsible for ensuring that the manufacturers of foods provide safe ingredients and the correct amount of dosages for their products.
Osteoarthritis is not a curable condition, but it can be treated using both pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods. Mild analgesics are a common form of treatment for OA, including Acetaminophen and NSAIDs, taking into consideration other co-morbidities that may be present. It is recommended that adults over 75 years of age utilize topical NSAIDs rather than oral for treatment of the pain (Tugwell et al, 2012). Research by A...
Arthritis affects people of all age groups. More than 100 types of arthritis are known. Among these osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis having the highest incidence. One of the major causes of chronic debilitation in industrialized nations is Osteoarthritis which results from damage to the joints, which may be due to trauma, infection, or age-related wear. Rheumatoid arthritis is encountered less frequently than osteoarthritis and is estimated to affect around one per cent of the world’s population. Amongst patients of Rheumatoid arthritis, women are three times more likely to be affected by this condition than men. This condition is caused by an inflammatory process where the body starts attacking itself. Rheumatoid arthritis also affects several joints, with inflammation sometimes seen in and around the lungs, the heart, the eyes and the skin. The most commonly reported complaint by arthritis patients is pain. The pain might be from the joint itself and be a result of inflammation, damage from the disease, or through daily wear and tear. Muscle pain is also common and is caused by having to force movements against stiff and painful joints. Although range of movement in the affected joint may be limited and uncomfortable, physical exercise has been shown to benefit those with arthritis. Physical therapy has been shown to significantly improve function, decrease pain in the long term and delay the need for surgery in advanced cases. The majority of arthritis cases occur among theelderly, however the disease can occur in children as well. Over 70% of the population that get affected by arthritis in North America are over the age of 65 (4). The disease occurs more commonly in females than males in all races, age groups, and ethn...
"Regulatory Information." Federal Food and Drugs Act of 1906. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 20 May 2009. Web. 14 Apr. 2014. .
All subscales show good to excellent test-retest reliability, as demonstrated by the following: pain (ICC = 0.85-0.93), symptoms (ICC = 0.83-0.95), activities of daily living (ICC = 0.75-0.91), sport and recreation (ICC = 0.62-0.89), and quality of life (ICC = 0.83-0.95).32 The KOOS is especially appropriate for this study because it was found to be “responsive to change following non-surgical and surgical interventions.”31 Further, the KOOS test includes the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) within it, a test validated for, and commonly used in trials with, elderly subjects with OA.31 The KOOS scale was chosen over the WOMAC scale for this study because, “KOOS subscales ‘Sport and Recreation function’ and ‘Quality of Life’ were more sensitive and discriminative than the WOMAC subscales ‘Pain’, ‘Stiffness’, and ‘Function’” when studied in older individuals with OA who had previously received
This topic came up recently to me because my grandmother was diagnosed with it. She could barely walk and could not do many little things like get out of bed, and tie her shoes. Since my mom is a physical therapist she knew what to do, but I didn’t really know what it was or how to help her. Most of the things I knew about “arthritis” was that it affects your bones, but this was much more than that. I also didn’t realize that it was Rheumatoid Arthritis not just normal arthritis,they are different because Rheumatoid Arthritis has to do with your joints unlike regular arthritis that has to do with the wear and tear of your bones. I wish I had known if I could prevent it or even if it is genetic and if I could develop it too. I also wanted to know what the symptoms were because all I knew about it was that she was in pain. I was scared she wasn’t going to live as long because she got this, so that is why I decided to write this paper.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. “CFR -- Code of Federal Regulations Title 21” (21CFR101.9). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 1 Apr. 2013. Web. 21 Mar. 2014.
A primary care physician is one who has specialized education and training in general internal medicine, family practice, or another first-level-of-care area. Primary care physicians are those who provide patients with any/all of the following:
Almost everyone develops osteoarthrits as they age, some get it while in their fifties and in others it does not appear until their eighties. Osteoarthritis is the most common form that affects older people; this form of the disease wears down the cartilage mostly through overuse and injury but there are other causes. This specific form of the disease causes the cartilage to break down and the bones to rub against each other. Deformity and swelling occurs because knobs of hardened bits of cartilage develop in the joint. It forms especially if a joint has been injured many times.
David W, Carol T, Loyd S. Osteoarthritis assessment and treatment. Phys Ther 1999; 78 (4): 983-994.