I. The Duel for North America
•After the 17th century, the three Old World nations (England, France, and Spain) created a struggle in North America. There were four major world wars for domination in Europe and the New World. Since 1688, there have been 9 world wars, and the Americans seemed to avoid all of them. The Seven Years' War in Europe helped with American Independence.
A. France Finds a Foothold in Canada
1. France was convulsed in the 1500s by wars and strifes. A. Limited toleration was granted to the French Protestants, religious wars stopped, and France thrived into the most feared nation in Europe. 1. France became successfully in the New World, and Champlain was the leading figure of France.
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They also fought for the land of upper Ohio Valley. B. In 1754, George Washington was sent to Ohio Country and soon shot down some French troops and their leader. 1. Later, he ended up surrendering to the French when he was surrounded. - He was able to leave the war with his men and the French and British fought.
E. Global War and Colonial Disunity
1. The three Anglo-French colonial wars started in Europe and more wars began in America. A. The Seven Years’ War happened overseas and was fought around the world. 1. The main rivalries in Europe was Britain and Prussia vs France, Spain, Austria, and Russia. 2. The Americans lacked unity and the Indians laughed at them for that. 3. The British government called an intercolonial congress in 1754 to keep Iroquois tribes loyal during the war. - They tried to get more troops to help defend against the French. 4. Franklin was in charge of the Albany Congress and tried create a good scheme for colonial home rule but no one listened.
F. Braddock’s Blundering and Its Aftermath
1. General Braddock was sent to Virginia with some British regulars and was later sent to capture Fort
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William Pitt was the “Great Commoner” and believed passionately in his country, his cause, and himself. A. He was the most prominent leader in the London government, defeated the colonists at the French West Indies, and picked younger and spirited leaders. 1. James Wolfe was chosen by Pitt and he successfully took over Quebec (Battle of Quebec, 1759). 2. After the fall of Canada, Florida fell in the hands of Britain and they emerged as the dominant power in North America.
H. Restless Colonists
1. Britain’s colonists became confident in their military because they fought with the British. A. Their confidence soon came to an end during the French and Indian War and friction formed between the officers and “boors”, 1. British officials suffered anxiety from the colonists to support the common cause. 2. Other colonists were self centered and refused to provide troops. - They wanted equal rights as Englishmen. 3. Intercolonial disunity was present and it was caused by huge distances. - There was some faith during the French and Indian War because soldiers met around campfires and shared ideas and spoke the same language.
I. War’s Fateful
Samuel de Champlain, who’s known as “The Father of New France” was a French explorer during the 17th century. He also was a navigator, cartographer, soldier, administrator, and chronicler of New France. He is famous for discovering Lake Champlain, Quebec City, and he helped establish the governments of New France.
In conclusion, Champlain experience as a soldier and skilled diplomat made the New French peaceful colony. He won major fights against the Iroquois, and signed treaties with them, controlled the fur trade and merged the English and French traders to control the fur trade impacted the growth of the colony. The book is a great source ancient history with a lot of mind catching facts.
He took over outside of Boston, before this his experience was limited to wilderness travel and soldiering. His soldiering experiences were mainly for his home state of Virginia. The first battle that was of significance in this book was the Battle of Long Island. At this battle, Washington and the rebel army are soundly defeated by General Sir William Howe and the British army. After this battle was fought, Howe did not follow-up the victory with quick action as the Americans retreated.
The colonist held the Albany Congress. They discussed major issues at the time. Benjamin Franklin proposed the Albany Plan of Union. The plan requested that the colonies should create different layers of government. The English monarch would appoint a president-general that would represent them. Of course, their plan was rejected.
Many suspect that they were with Washington only to maximize the hate on both sides of the battle. They went against Washington’s orders to not be the aggressors. Soon large units of British and American soldiers were sent to settle what should have been small battles. The French however were prepared to fight back and even had the Indians as allies to help with upcoming battles. In July, Braddock’s army which consisted of over 2000 British soldiers rode west with George Washington and came upon 250 plus French soldiers with over 600 Indians allies. Nearly 1000 British were killed, unlike George Washington who was unhurt during the battle was soon promoted to commander of the Virginia army for his bravery. (Roark 146)
The re-wilding of North America is basically a conservation strategy (Donlan 2005), aimed at restoring the Pleistocene era (Donlan 2005, Rubenstein et al. 2006). This could be achieved by reintroducing African and Asian megafauna, these species are phylogenetically known to be direct descendents of the extinct Pleistocene species or animals of similar taxa (Donlan 2005, Rubenstein et al. 2006). Re-populating North America is essential for both ecological and evolutionary potential (Donlan 2005) and also economic gain (Donlan 2005, Rubenstein et al. 2006). In this paper I will be discussing the main arguments presented by two papers regarding the Pleistocene North America re-wilding. The first paper is written by Donlan (2005), it is a commentary paper in which he proposes the plan of re-wilding North America based on his opinions. The second paper is by Rubenstein et al. (2006), it is a research paper where he outlines some facts contrary to Donlan (2005)’s paper, unlike Donlan (2005)‘s paper his arguments were supported by variety of recent Scientific published papers which are relevant to the topic discussed.
that contributed to the rise and fall of the French Monarchy. The ideas of the
1763- French and Indian War Ends. Canada and land east of the Mississippi River is added to Great Britiain’s Empire.
One of the most powerful countries in the 18th century established colonies across the sea. Great Britain established 13 colonies in North America as other nation started joining the race to own more land, causing controversy between both France and Great Britain. Great Britain finished, winning the war but ended with so much debt. Great Britain looked for a way to pay of the debts by establishing taxes on the 13 colonies. With the amount of power Great Britain had over the colonies, people started to go against them. The Declaratory Act of 1766 show the amount of power Great Britain had is the main cause of the American Revolution occur.
which he served as a member of the French army. After the war was finished, he
From 1754 to 1763, the French and Indian War took place. This war altered the political, economic, and ideological relations between Britain and its American colonies. It was the last of four North American wars waged from 1689 to 1763 between the British and the French. In these struggles, each country fought for control of the continent with the assistance of Native American and colonial allies. The French and Indian War occurred to end the land dispute between the British and French. Whoever won, in reality, gained an empire. It was a determined and eventually successful attempt by the British to get a dominant position in North America, the West Indies, and the subcontinent of India. Although Britain had won all this land, political, economic, and ideological relations between Britain and its American colonies were totally annihilated.
Within Europe, imperialism occurred at the height of industrialization. As European countries were discovering more about the sciences and mass production benefits via industrialization, a demand and competition for more land and produce was developing, and this would create the tension needed to begin the First World War. Germany and Great Britain were two powerful European countries that had been trying to establish control in Africa and Asia, two countries that were not as strong as them, and relatively vulnerable. Due to rebellions of the native people and interferences by each other and other countries, they were not entirely successful. This lack of cooperation between European countries in the attempt to govern and control weaker states so as to use their products for trade caused tension, and finally after it built up to a certain point, war was the only option left.
The alliances of Europe were what ultimately led each nation into declarations of war amongst one another. The modern era was quickly approaching and the monarchies of old would
France and England had been fighting off and on since 1066. In the seventeenth century that fighting had extended to their colonies as well, and in the eighteenth century it would escalate even more. As the century progressed their rivalry extended beyond America to India, where the two European powers fought for control of the Indian subcontinent. The final conflict, known as the Seven Years' War (1756-63) in Europe, and the French and Indian War in North America. Britain emerged victorious everywhere, winning some of the greatest military victories of her history, and claimed the rewards of those victories. Other powers involved in the Seven Years' War included Prussia, Portugal, Spain, Austria, Russia, and Sweden. The Seven Years' War was fought in Europe, in India, in North America, in the Caribbean and even in the Philippines, which allows it to be considered the first world war.
Europe has had a long history of conflicts. Before the Napoleonic Wars that occurred between the years of 1799 and 1815, there were other conflicts in the 18th century such as The Great Northern War, The Seven Years’ War, Pugachev's Rebellion, and the French Revolutionary Wars. Under the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte, France was fighting numerous European nations with speed to repeatedly defeat Austrian, Prussian and Russian armies under the series of conflicts in the Napoleonic Wars. The War of the First Coalition that started in 1793 and ended a few years before Napoleon took charge had all the European nations and some nations in Egypt, America and South America having issues.