a) Reinhold Messner guessed that Otzi is 500 years old.
b) Erika and Helmut Simon first discovered Otzi.
c) Otzi probably brought species of grass that do not grow at that altitude.
d) Walter Kutschera works with the Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator.
e) Willard Libby assumed that C-14 content in the atmosphere was constant over time.
f) Rainer Henn flew the iceman to his institute by helicopter.
g) Konrad Spindler was the first person to estimate the iceman’s age to be about 4000 years.
2. The Similaun Mountain Peak’s height, in meters, is 3607 meters.
3. After the discovery of an unusual piece of equipment found with Otzi’s body, Spindler made the estimation that the iceman’s age is older than 500 years old on September 24, 1991.
4. A water divide is the line that separates bordering or nearby water basins.
5.
a) The Inn is referring to the River Inn which is north of the water divide.
b) Situated along the border of Austria and Italy, the location of Otzi sparked many debates. Initially, the water divide between the Rivers Inn and Etsch was used as a guide for the location of the border line, but snow and ice made it difficult to clearly identify the location of the water divide. Otzi was declared to be found just 92 meters within Italy after the clarification of the border line, which means Italy holds possession over Otzi. However, it was later observed that the water from the ice and snow was now draining towards River Inn.
c) The Iceman was kept in Austria for six years after his discovery.
6. An ax with bronze-like blade was found with Otzi’s body.
7. The Iceman is kept in a glass vitrine with regulated temperature of -6℃ and humidity of 98% at glacier-like conditions.
8. Zurich and Oxford la...
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...or mass spectrometry.
22. AMS determines the isotopic composition of a sample material by first producing a negatively-charged ion beam, which is then subjected to a series of extremely selective filtering procedures in order to find C-14.
23.
a) The second step for preparing a sample to be carbon- dated by AMS is the complete combustion of carbon to CO2.
b) Iron (Fe) and Cobalt (Co) are used as catalysts in step 3.
24.
a) The names of the two articles written by Willard Libby are “Atmospheric helium three and radiocarbon from cosmic radiation” and “Age determinations by radiocarbon content: checks with samples of known age”.
b) Three articles were cited from the journal called Radiocarbon.
c) The name of the article by Nicolussi and Patzelt is called Discovery of early- Holocene wood and peat on the forefield of the Pasterze Glacier, Eastern Alps, Austria.
...ices for constructing stain glass windows as not changed over time. In order to produce this precious glass it requires high levels of heat, 2330 degree to be exact, this is hotter than volcanic lava.
Glaciers are an integral part of the world’s climate. In fact, as Richard Armstrong of the University of Colorado says, “Glaciers are key indicators in monitoring and detecting climate change” (Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, 2003, p. 1). Not only are they an important part of monitoring current climate, they can hold many keys to the past. Glaciers are in fact, “a source of paleoclimate data…” (Meier and Dyurgerov, 1980, p. 37). This paleoclimate data can give geologists information on the conditions that were present at the time of the glaciers birth, as well as the approximate age. This has an important role in the geologic time scale of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. These Glaciers played a role in the carving of the present day Rocky Mountains in Colorado, which will be the primary focus of this paper. In addition, glacial formations will be discussed to give the reader background information and the future of the Glaciers in Colorado will close this paper.
The first was to see how long it would take to lower body temperature, and the next to decide how best to resuscitate a frozen victim. The doctors submerged a naked victim in an icy vat of water. They would insert an insulated thermometer into the victim’s rectum in order to monitor his or her body temperature. The icy vat proved to be the fastest way to drop the body’s temperature. Once the body reached 25 degrees Celsius, the victim would usually die.
paper will analyze the quaternary period, specifically the “Holocene epoch from 8000 B.C. to Present; the last 10,000
While the carbon 14 method provided approximate dates for the stone rings it was no use
Have you ever heard about Otzi the Iceman? The man who was found in 1991 by hikers completely frozen in ice? The man’s corpse that is 5,300 years old and was preserved in ice? If yes, let me tell you a little more about him. If no, why don’t I tell you who he is,what happened to him, and what he did.
Otzi the Iceman is a mummy. Not just any mummy though, this mummy was alive 5,300 years ago. Scientists have looked at all the evidence and they now think he was murdered. How and by whom he was murdered is the question nobody knows. Many people have many different theories that could or could not be true. Some questions scientist have found the answer to are: where and when he was found, what equipment he had with him and what clothes he had on.
When he was discovered on September 19th, 1991, Iceman had a coat made of goat skin and shoes made from grass and the skins of bear and deer. Scientists say he is about 5,300 years old. They found signs of his last meal, which consisted of vegetables, some meat, and grain in his stomach. Iceman is now on display at South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Italy. He is stored in a cell that is kept at a constant temperature of -6 degrees Celsius.
Glaciers are one of the most fundamental phenomenon on the planet, and much of their purpose and impact on earth has been well documented and published. Ice sheets, Ice Caps and Glaciers trap nearly 90% of the world's fresh water, and are replenished by snowfall each year. Their existence on this planet dates back 650,000,000 years and yet they are always moving, always shifting and always melting. Before, human existence and even during the brief era of humans, ice dominated all of the earth's landmass and have regulated, created and altered many of the landscapes around the world.
The remains of ancient plants can provide a wealth of archaeological information about a site, with many methods being available to the archaeologist engaged in extracting this data. Perhaps one of the most widely-known of these techniques, possibly because of its attractive nature, is pollen analysis - a technique developed in the early years of the twentieth century by, like so many archaeological techniques, a geologist -- the Norwegian Lennart van Post. To understand the technique and the uses to which it may be put, we must first examine the biological nature of the material itself.
Research News Planetary Scientists are Seeing the Unseeable Richard A. Kerr Science, New Series, Vol. 235, No. 2 -. 4784. The. Jan. 2, 1987, pp. 113-117. 29-31. The 'Standard' of the 'Standard'. Stable URL:
Before the Flood. Regarding the growing and receding of glaciers, it could be due to the same natural causes seen over thousands of years, not just human activity. A study in 2013 of ice cores concluded that the current melting of glaciers in Western Antarctica is due to “atmospheric circulation changes [that] causes rapid warming over the Western Antarctic ice sheet” and thus cannot be directly correlated with human-caused climate change (Steig, 2013). Therefore, if we could look nearly two hundred years to the 1830s, we would find that the climate would look a lot like it does currently; glaciers melting just as much as they are today. Christian Schlüchter, a professor of Geology at the University of Bern in Switzerland, found 4,000 year
The frozen corpse also gave modern science the opportunity to forensically investigate and positively determine how Otzi the Iceman was killed.
Retrieved December 30, 2013, from http://www.benbest.com/cryonics/CryoFAQ.html#_VD_.
Radiocarbon dating is used to tell how old something is. When some normal carbon gets hit by the rays of the sun it turns into carbon 14. Plants absorb this radioactive carbon in the form of carbon dioxide. Animals receive this carbon from eating the plants. When the organism is dead it loses the carbon 14. Scientists can tell how old something is based on the amount of carbon 14 in a dead object. Carbon dating is accurate if the amount of carbon 14 in the atmosphere has remained the same throughout time. The second is if carbon 14 has always decayed at the same