Origins of the Cold War
analytical Essay
1298 words
Origins of the Cold War
The purpose of this paper is to explore the origins of the Cold War. To accomplish this exploration, the works of W.A. Williams, Robert Jervis, and Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. serve as the foundation. Before a closer examination of these works, a short explanation of the three common viewpoints regarding the study of the Cold War is warranted. These viewpoints are Attribution, Structural, and Misperception. With these viewpoints to guide the way, the above authors look at the origins of the Cold War. I will make my own points about the origins later. Following World War II, the United States and the Former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) changed roles from Allies to enemies. The standoff between the two never came to direct blows but instead remained "cold" for the better part of fifty years. The end of the Cold War in 1989 caused the International Relations community and the world at large to pause and think about what caused this Cold War. There had been beliefs during the "war" as to why it happened, but now with the pressure off and the future uncertain, everyone wanted to know what was (is) in store for the world. The three main explanations for the Cold War are diverse and strongly supported by their faithful followers. The Attribution viewpoint is supported by W.A. Williams, the Structural viewpoint by Spanier (do you mean schlesinger? and Misperception by Jervis. The idea of attribution belongs to actors. The attributes of the actors involved produce the biases and perceptions found throughout policymaking and decision making. The USSR was treated as a unitary actor during the Cold War. It was expected that as a monolith with an aggressive nature and a very expansive ideology (Marxism translated by Lenin), it would seek to dominate the world....
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...I see no reason why all three cannot coexist logically and realistically.
All three views are necessary for the whole picture of what the origins of the COLD WAR were. The origins of the COLD WAR are brought out in three different ways, attribution, structural, and misperception. W. A. Williams in his book exemplifies the attribution view. The misperception view is put forth by Jervis, and Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. presents his view of attribution and structure. I propose (brought forth-kinda awkward) the view that all three views can exist at once to explain the origins of the COLD WAR. Bibliography:.. Schlesinger, Arthur Jr., "The Origins of the Cold War", in Phil Williams, Donald M. Goldstein, and Jay M. Shafritz, eds., Classic Readings of International Relations (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1994) 395-402. Viotti, Paul R. and Mark V. Kauppi, 1993. International Relations Theory: Realism, Pluralism, Globalism. 2d ed. of the.
In this essay, the author
- Explains the three common viewpoints regarding the study of the cold war, which are attribution, structural, and misperception.
- Explains that after world war ii, the united states and ussr changed roles from allies to enemies. the end of the cold war in 1989 caused the international relations community and the world at large to pause and think about what caused it.
- Explains that the ussr was treated as a unitary actor during the cold war. it was expected to dominate the world as an aggressive monolith with expansive ideology.
- Explains the three common viewpoints regarding the study of the cold war, which are attribution, structural, and misperception.
- Explains that after world war ii, the united states and ussr changed roles from allies to enemies. the end of the cold war in 1989 caused the international relations community and the world at large to pause and think about what caused it.
- Explains that the ussr was treated as a unitary actor during the cold war. it was expected to dominate the world as an aggressive monolith with expansive ideology.
- Analyzes how the structuralist view contends that the international system created the cold war. the european balance of power system was replaced by a stable (relatively predictable) bipolar system.
- Explains that the misperception view believes in just that, misper perception between the two belligerents. mirroring is seeing the other as we see ourselves in the mirror
- Explains that william appleman williams considered the us the aggressor in the cold war. the policy of the "open door" created the environment that "closed the door to any result but the cold war."
- Analyzes how the ussr felt threatened by the nuclear armed us. the us, in remaining firm in its policy of the open door, backed by atomic weapons, "crystallized" the cold war.
- Analyzes how robert jervis explains the origins of the cold war from his book perception and misperception in international politics.
- Explains that mirroring is the projection of one's own perceptions onto another. the us and ussr saw each other in terms of themselves and applied logic of how they perceived the threat instead of looking at the problem from the other side.
- Analyzes how schlesinger presents a combination of attribution and structural argument for the origin of the cold war.
- Explains schlesinger's two competing views are "universalist" and "sphere-of-influence"
- Explains that the ussr was a totalitarian state, run by leaders who saw the capitalist world as threat to the existence of the state. nothing short of total annihilation would suffice in its quest for the marxist-leninist nirvana.
- Analyzes how stalin's paranoia directed the way the ussr was seen by the world. all the dictators of the 1930s and 40s did all that they could to stay in power.
- Argues that the three authors provide some answers to the origins of the cold war. they reject attributism, structuralism, or misperceptionism, but the answers do not answer definitively the whole question.
- Explains that the entire system was created from the ashes of the european balance of power system; without the previous system there would be no foundation to create a bipolar system.
- Explains that the attributes of the major actors played a large role in this war. without the ideals of players, the deals struck would have been very predictable and lifeless.
- Opines that misperception between states is reality because politicians are human. applying the mirror image of yourself onto another is natural in the human world.
- Opines that the three views brought together make up a human story of the cold war.
- Proposes that all three views can exist at once to explain the origins of the cold war.
- Explains that schlesinger, arthur jr., "the origins of the cold war", in phil williams, donald goldstein, and jay shafritz, eds.
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- Argues that the cold war was inevitable due to the differences in the capitalist and communist ideologies, and the need for self-preservation caused the two countries to sink their differences.
- Analyzes how stalin's foreign policies contributed enormously to the tensions of the cold war.
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- Explains that the cold war began after world war ii. the united states and the soviet union had growing tension during the war.
- Explains that the cold war was characterized by mutual distrust, suspension and misunderstanding by both the united states.
- Analyzes how the clash of very different beliefs and ideologies, capitalism versus communism, formed the basis of an international power struggle with both sides vying for dominance.
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- Explains that the cold war was a clash of these supergiants in political, ideological, military, and economic values and ideas.
- Explains how germany was thwarted in its plans of total domination. the soviet union started to spread the lenin ideological as it moved in the westward position.
- Describes the key events that led up to the cold war, such as the foreign aid policies, the warsaw pact, and the north atlantic treaty organization.
- Explains that relations between the soviet union and the west alternated between times of tension and crises and periods of limited cooperation.
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- Explains that churchill's iron curtain speech was a warning of soviet influence beyond eastern europe. he encouraged western democracies to stand together in prevention of further spreading.
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- Explains that the ussr still wanted peaceful co-existence with the western powers as they had not recovered from the large scale destruction of their country during the war. churchill's speech was meant to ‘sow seeds of dissension among the allied states’.
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- Analyzes how the blockade was seen as a symbol of the ongoing cold war between ussr and the western powers.
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- Explains that the iron curtain speech in 1946 only served to build up suspicion and distrust between the two powers; at this point both powers were still allies. the truman doctrine triggered the cold war.
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- Explains that world war ii ended in 1945 leaving the soviet union in control of large areas of eastern europe, while the western allies restored democracy in the west.
- Analyzes winston churchill's speech on the "iron curtain" at westminister college in fulton, missouri. he warned of the consequences of turning a blind eye or showing weakness to the soviets.
- Opines that western and soviet leaders were equally responsible for the development of the cold war.
- Explains that world war ii ended in 1945 leaving the soviet union in control of large areas of eastern europe, while the western allies restored democracy in the west.
- Analyzes winston churchill's speech on the "iron curtain" at westminister college in fulton, missouri. he warned of the consequences of turning a blind eye or showing weakness to the soviets.
- Analyzes how harry s. truman addressed congress, pleading financial and economic assistance be appropriated to the struggling governments of greece and turkey.
- Explains that the cold war was inevitable because western and soviet leaders were ideological enemies proclaiming the irreconcilable principles of liberal capitalism and marxism-leninism.
- Analyzes john lewis gaddis' writings about the heightened tensions between the superpowers. the truman doctrine set responsibilities for the united states' leadership to undertake and provide the necessary aid to eastern europe.
- Explains that even a british foreign office analysis of russian intentions asserted that the kremlin had ‘set no limits on its objectives in europe’.
- Analyzes hammond's the great debate over the origins of the cold war. traditionalists believed that the soviets deserved more blame than any other country.
- Explains that revisionists speculate that british leaders instigated the cold war by persuading the united states to get tough with russia.
- Argues that revisionists blame the western leaders for starting the cold war because they were hostile to the communist ideology and wanted to keep eastern europe open for the welfare of the american economy.
- Explains that both camps agreed that the conflict in eastern europe was the most important factor in triggering the cold war. stalin violated the yalta declaration on liberated europe and cultivated the soviet ‘sphere of influence’ by using ‘military force, police terror, murder and
- Analyzes how the united states emerged from the second world war with tremendous power, but did not impose its will onto other nations, while the soviet leaders imposed dictatorship and totalitarianism onto nations under its influence.
- Analyzes how revisionists criticize the united states' foreign policies and leaders' desire to open the rest of the world to the american economy while turning a blind eye to aggressive soviet policies.
- Cites thomas t. hammond's "introduction. the great debate over the origins of the cold war" and john lewis gaddis.
- Cites charles s. maier and melvyn p. leffler's the origins of the cold war.
- Explains john kent's book, british policy and the origins of the cold war, in melvyn p. leffler and david s. painter.
2052 wordsRead More - Re-Assessing the Influence of George Kennan’s “X” Article in the Early Cold War Periodanalytical essay‘The Sources of Soviet Conduct’ also known as the “X” article is an imperative document that are needed to understand United States foreign policy in the Cold War. Written by George F. Keenan, a U.S. diplomatic staff in the Soviet Union, the “X” article turned into an influential document after the U.S. realized that the Soviet Union would no longer be allies in peacetime and it was necessity to figure out the nature of the Soviet Union so the U.S. could form precise foreign policies to prevent Soviet threats. This paper attempts to assess the “X” article’s influence in U.S. foreign policy in the early days of the Cold War, especially its role in Truman’s doctrine.
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes the "x" article, written by george f. keenan, a u.s. diplomatic staff in the soviet union.
- Explains that the logic of the "x" article was accepted, but weak points in its recommendation made it impossible to adapt it without revision.
- States that bostdorff, d. m., proclaiming the truman doctrine: the cold war call to arms, college station: texas a & m university press.
- Analyzes the "x" article, written by george f. keenan, a u.s. diplomatic staff in the soviet union.
- Explains that the logic of the "x" article was accepted, but weak points in its recommendation made it impossible to adapt it without revision.
- States that bostdorff, d. m., proclaiming the truman doctrine: the cold war call to arms, college station: texas a & m university press.
- Describes the truman doctrine, delivered before a joint session of congress in washington d.c.
- Analyzes how keenan criticized truman's containment policy as "too universalistic" in that it placed the u.s. in an exhausting commitment to block every soviet expansion to free countries.
- Analyzes how truman's personal influence, especially his experiences, affected his reaction to the "x" article.
- Analyzes how the "x" article disenchanted the leader of the u.s. perception that the united states could survive by only focusing on domestic policy.
1440 wordsRead More - The Foundation of the Cold Warexplanatory essayThe origins of the Cold War stem from a variety of directions, but primarily from tensions that rose between the Soviet Union and the United States. Although the USSR and the United States were considered allies during World War II, it was the only commonality the two countries had. These differences, specifically as it pertained to the political structure their countries had taken, became the foundation of the Cold War.
In this essay, the author
- Explains the origins of the cold war stem from a variety of directions, but primarily from tensions between the soviet union and the united states.
- Narrates how the yalta conference was held to discuss the restructuring issues that would be forthcoming. stalin's installation of the eastern bloc furthered the cold war.
- Explains that containment was a policy to prevent the expansion of communism beyond the established borders of the ussr.
- Explains the origins of the cold war stem from a variety of directions, but primarily from tensions between the soviet union and the united states.
- Narrates how the yalta conference was held to discuss the restructuring issues that would be forthcoming. stalin's installation of the eastern bloc furthered the cold war.
- Explains that containment was a policy to prevent the expansion of communism beyond the established borders of the ussr.
- Explains the onset of the chinese revolution at the close of world war ii. the united states, moving forward with their newly developed truman doctrine, offered to assist china.
- Explains that the u.s. offered economic and military support to the chinese nationalists, but president truman opted to no longer support the communist party. the relationship with the new people's republic of china and the united states created a wider divide.
- Explains that the korean war began when the communist led north korea invaded the u.s. supported south korea. the united states, working together with the united nations, interjected themselves into the fray.
- Describes mccarthyism as a mentality that encouraged unsubstantiated allegations of disloyalty to the united states during the 1940s and 1950s.
- Explains that mccarthyism was subversively spreading throughout the united states, causing commotion in the country. the motion picture association of america blacklisted artists, directors, screenwriters, or anyone else that might have inappropriate communist leanings.
- Explains that john foster dulles was an important figure during the early years of the cold war.
1561 wordsRead More - Causes of the Cold Waranalytical essayIn this essay I would like to highlight my understanding for the causes of the cold war. In fact, "the cold war" called in that name because of the struggle which is followed the World War II between superpowers: US & USSR. Both of sides work hard to widen their potency and narrowed the conflict, but it found overlap in it, which raise the stress and the struggle. The struggle lengthened from the end of the of second world war, middle of 1940s to the end of 1980s in 20th century, and the result was USSR collapsed in 1991, end of the cold war. The aim of this essay is to draw the attention to the people who don't aware that the fundamental cause of the cold war was a clash of ideologies between the superpowers, because of increased the radices of ideologies of this war and many historians negotiate for the causes. First of all, I started with the structure of the cold war (the origins of the cold war). During this section I argued that why the conflict started?, and who was the inciter? to be the introduction of the causes. Secondly, I would be deeper to prove the cause, so I would argue about some schools of thought, the orthodox or traditionalist thinkers who blamed the Soviet for the confrontation and give some historians views to prove this school. Thirdly, another school declared (revisionist people) who thought that the cause was US because of the Soviet looses which the Soviet suffered during the war. In addition, I analyzed some historian's suggestions for Truman. Forth point and final school (post-revisionist people) and they thought that both of sides played part in the escalation of the conflict. Finally, I would give my typical answer for the question and prove my ideas which I reached to the actual cause of the cold wa...
In this essay, the author
- Argues that the cold war was a clash of ideologies between the superpowers, which led to the collapse of the ussr in 1991.
- Explains that the cold war was a clash of ideologies between the superpowers of the united states and the ussr.
- Explains that the issue was covered by propaganda that led to the development of several schools of thought. all these perspectives make valid arguments, but none can provide a definitive answer.
- Argues that the cold war was a clash of ideologies between the superpowers, which led to the collapse of the ussr in 1991.
- Explains that the cold war was a clash of ideologies between the superpowers of the united states and the ussr.
- Explains that the issue was covered by propaganda that led to the development of several schools of thought. all these perspectives make valid arguments, but none can provide a definitive answer.
- Explains that the orthodox view of the cold war has never really gone away. traditionalists blamed the soviets for the conflict, citing george f. kennan's long telegram and mr.
- Compares the'revisionists' who blamed the us for the cold war with the traditional view.
- Explains the post-revisionist school, which investigates the case in both sides, and concedes that each side played a part in the escalation of the conflict.
- Concludes that ideological clashes caused the cold war, stating that there was no possibility of compromise for marxism-leninism states.
- Argues that the clash of ideologies did not cause the cold war, but caused the causes of it.
- Cites hobsbawn, e., age of extremes: the short twentieth century 1914-1991, london: michael joseph.
- Explains mccauley, m., the origins of the cold war 1941-1949, 2ed edition, london: longman.
- Cites gabriel, k. (1969), the politics of power: allied diplomacy and the world crisis of 1943-1945, london: weidenfeld and nicolson.
- Explains mccauley, m., the origins of the cold war 1941-1949, 2ed edition, london: longman.
1606 wordsRead More - The Historiography of the Origins of the Cold Waranalytical essayThere have been many attempts to explain the origins of the Cold War that developed between the capitalist West and the communist East after the Second World War. Indeed, there is great disagreement in explaining the source for the Cold War; some explanations draw on events pre-1945; some draw only on issues of ideology; others look to economics; security concerns dominate some arguments; personalities are seen as the root cause for some historians. So wide is the range of the historiography of the origins of the Cold War that is has been said "the Cold War has also spawned a war among historians, a controversy over how the Cold War got started, whether or not it was inevitable, and (above all) who bears the main responsibility for starting it" (Hammond 4). There are three main schools of thought in the historiography: the traditional view, known alternatively as the orthodox or liberal view, which finds fault lying mostly with the Russians and deems security concerns to be the root cause of the Cold War; the revisionist view, which argues that it is, in fact, the United States and the West to blame for the Cold War and not the Russians, and cites economic open-door interests for spawning the Cold War; finally, the post-revisionist view which finds fault with both sides in the conflict and points to issues raised both by the traditionalists as well as the revisionists for combining to cause the Cold War. While strong arguments are made by historians writing from the traditionalist school, as well as those writing from the revisionist school, I claim that the viewpoint of the post-revisionists is the most accurate in describing the origins of the Cold War.
In this essay, the author
- Argues that the post-revisionist view is the most accurate in describing the origins of the cold war.
- Analyzes how kennan and schlesinger blame the russians for the deterioration of east-west relations, but the traditionalist view does fault the united states to some limited degree. roosevelt was prepared to trade post-war concessions to the soviets in exchange for promises of continued soviet military presence.
- Analyzes the traditionalist school's view of soviet expansionism, which is coupled with other themes of evil motivations and wicked leadership.
- Argues that the post-revisionist view is the most accurate in describing the origins of the cold war.
- Analyzes how kennan and schlesinger blame the russians for the deterioration of east-west relations, but the traditionalist view does fault the united states to some limited degree. roosevelt was prepared to trade post-war concessions to the soviets in exchange for promises of continued soviet military presence.
- Analyzes the traditionalist school's view of soviet expansionism, which is coupled with other themes of evil motivations and wicked leadership.
- Explains that revisionists make a strong economic argument for the origins of the cold war.
- Opines that both sides contributed to the origins of the cold war. both sides did much to exacerbate the situation.
- Explains that the historiography of the cold war is expansive, with three competing schools of thought trying to explain the events that dominated the second half of twentieth century.
- Explains hammond, thomas, editor, witnesses to the origins of the cold war, university of washington press.
- Analyzes how george kennan, the architect of the long-telegram, published the traditionalist viewpoint in the years immediately following the second world war.
- Analyzes how the traditionalist viewpoint fails to take into account economics as a cause of conflict, and overly condemns the soviet union without examining the role of the west in spawning the cold war.
- Argues that the united states used its preponderance of power within the assumptions and the tradition of the open door policy. revisionists hardly take into account soviet action as a possible cause for american policies.
2675 wordsRead More