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Issue of shortage in organs and donors.gov
Moral issues of organ transplants
Moral issues of organ transplants
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Organ Transplantation and Ethical Considerations
In February 2003, 17-year-old Jesica Santillan received a heart-lung transplant at Duke University Hospital that went badly awry because, by mistake, doctors used donor organs from a patient with a different blood type. The botched operation and subsequent unsuccessful retransplant opened a discussion in the media, in internet chat rooms, and in ethicists' circles regarding how we, in the United States, allocate the scarce commodity of organs for transplant. How do we go about allocating a future for people who will die without a transplant? How do we go about denying it? When so many are waiting for their shot at a life worth living, is it fair to grant multiple organs or multiple transplants to a person whose chance for survival is slim to none? And though we, as compassionate human beings, want to help everyone, how far should our benevolence extend beyond our borders? Are we responsible for seeing that the needy who come to America for help receive their chance, or are we morally responsible to our own citizens only?
Rationing scarce resources presents an ethical challenge. I believe that since available organs are so scarce, it is imperative that the utility of donated organs be maximized. In this paper, I suggest that organ allocation be rooted in distributive justice, which demands that equals be treated equally and unequals be treated unequally. I will explore this formal principle and the substantive criteria of equality, need and efficacy (maximum survivability) as they relate to the just allocation of organs for transplant. I will apply these principles of justice to Jésica's case to show that while her first transplant was warranted, her second was not. And, fin...
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...ut Transplant Error,"
www.ormanager.com/tools/letter.pdf
Kher, Unmesh and Paul Cuadros, "A Miracle Denied," Time Magazine, (March 3, 2003): 61.
Kirkpatrick, C.D. and Jim Shamp, "Was Second Transplant a Waste of Organs?" (Herald-Sun,
3/2/03), www.herald-sun.com/archives
Munson, Ronald, Intervention and Reflection, 6 ed (Belmont: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning,
2000).
Ubel, Peter A. Robert M. Arnold and Arthur L. Caplan, "Rationing Failure: The Ethical Lessons
Of the Retransplantation of Scarce Vital Organs," reprinted in Arthur L. Caplan and Daniel H. Coelho, The Ethics of Organ Transplants, (Amhurst, NY: Prometheus Books,
1998), 260-73.
Veatch, Robert M., Transplantation Ethics, (Washington, DC: Georgetown UP, 2000), 277-413.
Vedantam, Shankar, "U.S. Citizens Get More Organs Than They Give," (Washington Post,
3/3/03), www.washingtonpost.com/ac2
In his article “Opt-out organ donation without presumptions”, Ben Saunders is writing to defend an opt-out organ donation system in which cadaveric organs can be used except in the case that the deceased person has registered an objection and has opted-out of organ donation. Saunders provides many arguments to defend his stance and to support his conclusion. This paper will discuss the premises and elements of Saunders’ argument and how these premises support his conclusion. Furthermore, this paper will discuss the effectiveness of Saunders’ argument, including its strengths and weaknesses. Lastly, it will discuss how someone with an opposing view might respond to his article,
It is said that “Some agree with Pope John Paul II that the selling of organs is morally wrong and violates “the dignity of the human person” (qtd. In Finkel 26), but this is a belief professed by healthy and affluent individuals” (158). MacKay is using ethos the show the morality of those that believe it is wrong for organ sales. The morals shown are those of people who have yet to experience a situation of needing a new organ. Having a healthy and wealthy lifestyle, they cannot relate to those that have trouble with money and a unhealthy lifestyle as the poor. The poor and the middle class are the ones that suffer being last on the list for a transplant, thus have different ethics. Paying an absurd amount of money and still having to be at the bottom of the list for a transplant, is something no person anywhere in the world should have to
How should someone’s family react to their kin becoming a large bug? Hate them, of course. In “The Metamorphosis” by Franz Kafka, Gregor Samsa wakes up one morning and he was no longer a human, but as a “monstrous vermin” (Kafka, “The Metamorphosis 1156). His family reacted unsympathetic and as the short story progresses the hatred towards him grows, mostly from Gregor’s father. Franz Kafka, the writer, also had many father troubles in his life time. Gregor Samsa’s relationship with his father is fashioned after Franz Kafka’s personal life.
Sleep apnea is becoming increasingly more concerning for the association this sleep disorder poses to the psychological effects on people. Sleep deprivation is only one example of the effects caused by this medical condition which could be related to increased anxiety and depression. Millions of Americans suffer from sleep apnea without even realizing the sleep disorder is creating a problem. There has been significant progress in identifying sleep apnea, especially obstructive sleep apnea, and creating successful methods to help individuals more easily live with it. The thought of losing breath while sleeping without knowing this is occurring can intimidate an individual and his or her family. Studies reveal the link between sleep apnea and the psychological effects it causes which can include anxiety, depression, relationship problems, lack of dreams, and other issues. Other factors to consider related to the research of sleep apnea include culture, gender, age, obesity, and habits including smoking and drinking.
Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder in which breathing stops and starts repeatedly. Experts have estimated that 18 million Americans are affected by sleep apnea. There are three main types of sleep apnea. Obstructive sleep apnea is the most common form that occurs when throat muscles relax. Central sleep apnea occurs when your brain does not send proper signals to the muscles controlling breathing and Complex sleep apnea syndrome, a combination of both obstructive and central sleep. Symptoms of sleep apnea include loud snoring, breathing cessation, abrupt awakenings accompanied by shortness of breath, dry mouth, morning headaches, insomnia, daytime sleepiness,
The image of Nike is well known throughout Greece due to its history with victory in war and in athletics. The purpose of the sculpture most likely celebrates “the naval victories of Eudamos” (Davies 159). Another description of the statue is “Her presence invoked a spirit of celebration and commemorated the arête (physical and moral excellence) of gods and men” (Nike of Samothrace).
In ancient greece people believed in mythical creatures and gods like monsters and heroes, Nike was one of those figures. People described her as a woman with wings with great speed. Nike was the goddess of victory and daughter of titan Pallas and goddess of Styx. Nike and her siblings were escort of zeus ( “Nike”).
A Greek would say, "When we go to battle and win, we say it is Nike." According to Greek Mythology, The Nike was the winged goddess of victory. Daughter of the titan Pallas and the river Styx, Nike sat at the side of the omnipotent Zeus for the duration of his plight with the titans. The goddess Nike came to be an everlasting symbol of victory and dominance on the battlefields of ancient Greece. In light of her conquests, a popular footwear company of the 20th century designed products in her name to push new levels of achievement in athletes worldwide. The Swoosh logo at the side of each shoe is intended to represent the wing of the Greek Goddess Nike. The vibrant spirit of this ancient goddess has bridged the gap between ancient mythology and modern technology, and manifested itself through the most successful shoe company of all time.
Obstructive sleep apnea is defined as a breathing pattern that has a 0- 10% airflow for at least 10 seconds with continued and increasing respiratory effort that repeats 5 or more times in one hour. This is the most common form of sleep apnea in the US, affecting about 25 million adults. It occurs more often in males over 40. (1) OSA occurs when the soft tissue in the back of the throat relaxes while sleeping causing a blockage to airflow. The effort and impulse to breathe remains but the air is blocked. The resulting hypoxia or hypercapnia induces an increase in ventilatory effort. The pharyngeal muscles open up the airways causing a gasp or snort whereby
This also often goes without the knowledge of the patient. Restlessness in sleep, gasping and choking for air are also symptoms that are better detected by the patient's bed partner. These symptoms are due to the obstructions in the patient's airways, making normal breathing hard. The breathing gaps results to deprivation of the oxygen supply to the body which makes the heart pump harder. Constant stress to the heart could develop to heart failures and diseases. Obstructive sleep apnea causes include narrow airways, deviated septum, enlarged tongue, tonsils, adenoids and uvula. These are common in people who have small jaw frames, large necks and are
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can be defined as a transient cessation in breathing (apnea) or a reduction in breathing amplitude (hypopnea) as a result of collapsed or obstructed upper airway; both can cause notable arterial hypoxemia and hypercapnia. The apnea/hypoapnea index (AHI) categorizes OSA patients into three groups: mild (5-15), moderate (15-30) and severe (>30) whereas the number indicates the total number of apnea/hypoapnea episodes per hour of sleep {Badran et al., 2014, #73409}. Although many sleep clinics adopted this diagnostic tool, diagnostic variability remains {Caples et al., 2005, #48595}. AHI measures the frequency of disordered breathing events but does not quantify other processes involved in the pathophysiology of OSA, such as the degree of oxygen desaturation. For instance, the increasing length of apnea/hypoapnea events will likely increase oxygen desaturation events which is very stressful and have more severe pathological impact than shorter ones. Paradoxically, lengthening of apnea/hypoapnea events can lead to a decrease in AHI {Kulkas et al., 2013, #24356}.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common breathing disorder related to sleep, and it affects 2% to 4% of the adult population (Hoffman & Sullivan, 2017). Though, up to 90% of men and 98% of women with OSA go undiagnosed (Helvig, Minick, & Patrick, 2014). Children are also at risk for OSA, and the occurrence has risen in the last 10 years and is linked to the upswing in childhood obesity. OSA can cause cardiovascular, neurocognitive, metabolic issues in the body, and an overall decreased quality of life (Helvig et al., 2014; Hilbert & Yaggi, 2018). There are risks involved with OSA such as vehicle accidents, poor work performance, and attention lapses. Many things are linked to this disorder; obesity, diabetes, alcohol use, smoking,
Sleep apnea consist of three main categories: central, complex, and obstructive. CSA is electrical and occurs due to the loss of signal to the brain that controls breathing. Complex is a mixture of both OSA and CSA. OSA is mechanical and occurs during the loss of muscle tone during sleep. The sleep diagnoses explanation is in efforts to distinguish the differences between the sleep breathing disorders. The reviews primary focus is on the patient population diagnosed with the OSA.
In this paper I will be using the normative theory of utilitarianism as the best defensible approach to increase organ donations. Utilitarianism is a theory that seeks to increase the greatest good for the greatest amount of people (Pense2007, 61). The utilitarian theory is the best approach because it maximizes adult organ donations (which are the greater good) so that the number of lives saved would increase along with the quality of life, and also saves money and time.
Mastering the art of lying has been a continuous development for humanity. Over the centuries, lying has become a necessity in today’s modern world. The Merriam Webster dictionary defines a lie as “to make an untrue statement with intent to deceive.” Even though lying is condemned, lying is something everyone falls victim to. For many people, lying is a widespread habit that saves both time and pain. Whether lying is necessary to escape consequences or implying a false statement to deceive or persuade, lying has become a complex form of art. If mastered carefully, it can be useful when dealing with this crazy beautiful thing we call life. Using a lie incorrectly can result in the consequences of having a negative effect on lives. Lying is found in many forms and variations depending on the situation it is used in. Lies are obstacles that make one unable to communicate with people.