An orchestra is an organized body of bowed string instruments, with more than one player to a part, to which may be added wind and percussion instruments.In the Greek theater the term denoted the semi-circular space in front of the stage where the chorus sang and danced; in the Roman theater is was reserved for the Senators' seats,
Throughout the years the size and strength of orchestras across the world have varied. In the mid-18th century the orchestra of the Berlin Opera had 12 violins, 4 violas, 4 cellos, and 3 double basses; 4 flutes, 4 oboes, and pairs of bassoons and horns. Such instruments as trumpets and drums were engaged as needed. A century later in Dresden the court orchestra employed 16 violins--4 each of violas, cellos, and double basses; 4 each of flutes, oboes, and clarinets and 3 bassoons; 5 horns, 4 trumpets, 3 trombones, and timpani. During the same time the London Philharmonic seemed to strive for a far richer sound, engaging 16 first violins, 16 second violins, 10 violas, 8 cellos, and 7 double basses; 3 flutes and pairs of oboes, clarinets, and bassoons; 4 horns, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones, and timpani.
Between Beethoven's first and ninth symphonies (1800 and 1823) and Schubert's first and ninth (1813 and 1828), the concept of the symphony orchestra was expanded and enlarged. Over the course of the three decades, the orchestra became a vehicle for expressing a composer's most serious thoughts and not simply an instrument heard in secondary role in the church, the theater, and at festive entertainment's. But in the later 19th century such symphonic composers as Anton Bruckner (1824--96) and Gustav Mahler (1860--1911) significantly expanded the orchestra's size.
Orchestra sizes reached its highest in the early 20th century with such works as Arnold Schoenberg's 'Gurrelieder' (1901), scored for massive orchestra, and Gustav Mahler's ' Symphony No. 8 ', the "Symphony of a Thousand." The American composer Roger Sessions wrote his 'Symphony No. 2' (1946) for the 100-plus members of the New York Philharmonic, and the spirit of this lush, romantic work was carried on in the 1960s and 1970s by such composers as David del Tredici and Jacob Druckman, whose works are said to belong to the "new romanticism."
Because wind parts are performed by a single musician apiece, the number of wind players has remained minimal since the 19th century, but the size of the string section has fluctuated widely among orchestras.
Orchestration: 2 flutes, piccolo, 2 oboes, English horn, 2 clarinets, bass clarinet, 2 bassoons, contrabassoon, 4 horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, percussion (triangle, wood blocks, tambourine, snare drum, maracas, cymbals, bass drum, glockenspiel), harp, and strings.
The Wind Ensemble and Concert Band reflect a rich history. The formation of the Concert and Wind Ensemble bands date back to the Middle Ages and Medieval Times. The Concert Band and Wind Ensemble have evolved over the years, due in part to significant historical events, music combinations, individuals, and progress. The history of the Concert Band and Wind Ensemble will be reflected through a timeline of events, including an analysis of significant events, groups, composers, and advancements.
In the eighteenth century two conductors were often used for operas.1 One conductor would direct the singers and the other conductor would direct the orchestra. On occasion there were three directors. The principle or lead violinist would often be the lead director, followed by the keyboard player and a conductor. 1 Orchestras without conductors also existed during this period, a tradition still continued today in chamber orchestras. 1 Gradually the lead violinist director became more important than any other type of director transforming himself into lead conductor. 1 The violinist would lead the orchestra by using the violin bow to conduct in the same manner that the baton would be used later.1 By the early period of the nineteenth century, about the time the size of the orchestra had expanded tremendously, a conductor had become a fixture. This paper will inform the reader on a brief history of conductors in general, the importance of a conductor, the history of black conductors, important and revolutionary black conductors, the future and popularity of black conductors, and how black conductors influenced the art of conducting.
In the classical era Symphony was the time when live concert where perform more often. The concerts that during the past millennium, classical music has been created by some of the musical mind the world has ever seen with Beethoven, Mozart and many more. The wide of Range of genres that these great artist composers, including orchestral, instrumental, choral and opera. The era’s the music used the two theory of natural and pleasing variety and The two ideas that can be traced in all the elements of musical technique rhythm, dynamics, tone, melody, texture and form. With the styles of a classical symphony An important form of instrumental music was the symphony, The basic form of the classical symphony was the Italian overture which is, called sinfonia, It is an orchestral composition arranged in three major movements start off fast, then it slow down a little, then it goes back to fast then it ends symphony like in the Listen seris CD 2 track 23-37 “Haydn “Symphony no .95 in C minor” which it start off very fast a then it slow down but then end with a fast part. In the era instrumental style that the took place was sonata that develops into a big deal with all of the composer during the period. Sonata form was the necessary structure when composers needed to write an instrumental music. Sonata form applied that a single sonatas, a chamber music, a symphonies, and concertos. Musical compositions of this time contained three or four movements, each with its own special characteristics. The Classical era symphony music used its highly flexible in rhythm to create the masterpiece like listen series CD 2 track 1-5 Bach “Brandenburg concerto No.5” where Bach’s symphony two natural horn, three oboes, bassoon, violin and the piccolo, ...
The GBR, “listed as a World Heritage Area,” resides in protection by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (Wachenfeld 8). Working for this organization, employees have the ability to enforce laws to preserve the Reef as best they can. Another way the GBR gets the attention it needs is through publicity. Many people do not know that the GBR needs help and the word needs to be spread to save the Reef. The documentary, Chasing Coral, by Jeff Orlowski explains that “[w]hen you look at our planet, its unique in the known universe because we’ve got an ocean that is the source of life. It controls everything” (“Chasing Coral”). The film, focusing on coral bleaching, encompasses the widespread impacts on the GBR. It won many major film festivals around the world, showing how important reefs are, and by doing this, people are more aware what is happening and are more likely to help. Although there are efforts to aid the GBR, more needs to be done to truly save it from
Ethnicity significantly influences the formation of an individuals identity and experiences of belonging. Every cultural background has its own guide of morals and values which places expectations on each individual to follow. The various elements of a certain background influence family life and general structure, greatly influencing a persons formation of identity, and ways an individual may experience belonging. Other impacts that may have an effect on ethnicity for various people today include globalisation, increased mobility and migration.
Good physical and mental health can improve your quality of life in your older years. In addition to promoting your independence and keeping your body strong and energized, the American Council on Exercise states that physical activity also prevents and improves age-related conditions, such as osteoporosis and arthritis, and lowers your risk of injuries, and health conditions, such as stroke and heart disease. Paired with good mental health, this combination can add years to life. (See References 1)
Taking this technology and putting it one step ahead, companies started to make the VR gears from 2014. The cost of these gears were like spikes as they were too expensive and there were some glitches in them too. But coming towards the year 2016, now finally this technology is getting popular and gaining the interest of people. Especially since the cellphone companies have opt them as a tool to increase their sales. The most popular VR are Oculus, HTC Vive, Samsung gear VR and Google cardboard. The prices of these start from $15 and goes as high as $750.
Mozart’s Symphony No. 41 was his last and longest symphony he composed. While listening to this breathtaking piece of music, one specific aspect of this piece stood out to me; this being the instrumentation. In this symphony, many different instruments were used. While listening, I recognized many of them. A flute, two oboes, two bassoons, two horns, two trumpets, timpani, and strings make up this famous piece that is known world-wide by millions of people.
The Great barrier reef has had many recent hardships, including water pollutants and the increasing water temperature. Although it may be too late to save this particular reef we the people must not be so nearsighted to the
The Philadelphia Symphony Orchestra is a magnificent giant music box of the USA. Its charming design taking breath away from thousands of visitors daily. The professionalism of the Orchestra musicians is well known worldwide. Just as Colorado Orchestra, Philadelphia Orchestra contains dozens of their own musicians. For the 2015-2016 season, the Orchestra's clarinetists are Ricardo Morales, Principal, Leslie Miller and Richard Worley Chair, Samuel Caviezel, Associate Principal, Sarah and Frank Coulson Chair, Paul r. Demers, Bass Clarinet, Peter M. Joseph and Susan Rittenhouse Joseph Chair. If I would travel to Philadelphia I would definitely visit the wonderful place Philadelphia Symphony Orchestra to enjoy world premiers and listen to great
Virtual reality can be defined as a, "technology that enables users to enter computer generated worlds and interface with them three dimensionally through sight, sound, and touch" (Newquist 93). Virtual reality combines computer simulation and visualization into a single, coherent whole (Peterson 8). Researchers say it embodies an attempt to eliminate the traditional distinction between the user and the machine. Virtual reality is intended to provide a means of naturally and intelligently interacting with information (8). Virtual reality is contending to be the interface of the future, allowing ordinary users to use their senses to interact with complex data.
Great classical composers like Franz Joseph Haydn was an epitome to the classical era. The “Father of Symphony” began building his legacy from early endeavors to working for a wealthy family who later sets out on his own continuing to strive.
Stephen Hawking has been hailed as one of the most brilliant theoretical physicists since Albert Einstein. Hawking was born on January 8, 1942, which as he likes to point out is the 300th anniversary of Galileo's death. Hawking originally studied at Oxford University in England studying physics even though he would have preferred math. He moved onto Cambridge University to work on his PhD in cosmology. Hawking's career has focused upon the cosmic entities known as black holes, and has extended to specialized areas such as quantum gravity, particle physics, and supersymmetry.
...research about black holes and explaining radiation. Stephen was awarded couple of awards such as Prestigious Albert Einstein Award, Pius XI Gold Medal for Science, and became member of the Royal Society. Soon after Hawking condition was at a point where he couldn’t talk. He then developed a speaking program for his illness. (biography.com) With the help of his computer base commutation system, Stephen was able to interact with others inspite of his disability. Some features of the technology included a keyboard,webcam and speech sinre. To operate the machine he would use his cheek muscle. ( Hawking.org)