Diagnosis and Treatment
This paper was designed to address the diagnostic similarities and differences between Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and Conduct Disorder (CD) as described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V (2013), as well as treatment options for children that have been diagnosed with either of these behavioral disorders. Also included is information regarding differential diagnoses for ODD and CD, cultural implications, and general considerations to keep in mind when working with children that have either disorder. This paper does not exhaust all the treatment options, or all the research regarding ODD or CD, but rather provides a general overview of the most often methods for treatment, and those that the author found most interesting.
Diagnostic Criteria
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a disorder that affects children and adolescents, featuring such diagnostic criteria as frequent exhibition of irritability, argumentative behavior, and spite. Children usually begin to exhibit symptoms between years 5-9, though it rarely begins to develop in the adolescent years. It is highly comorbid with Attention Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD), depression and anxiety disorders, and appears to affect males more often than females, though by a slight margin. This particular disorder affects approximately 3.3% of the population and is consist across cultures and ethnicities, though the diagnostic criteria may change somewhat in other countries (APA, 2013).
An individual is diagnosed with Conduct Disorder (CD) when he/she exhibits a frequent pattern of behavior that violates the “basic right of others” (APA, 2013) or important societal norms without regard. These behaviors are classified ...
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The hallmark of Conduct Disorder (CD) is an obvious and careless apathy for the rules, the rights, the emotions, and the personal territory of others. Aggression, deceitfulness, duress, and power over others are enjoyable to a child with CD. Children with CD pick fights, trespass, lie, cheat, steal, vandalize, display abusive behaviors, and, for older children, perpetrate unwanted sexual advances. The display of signs in younger children can be: ruthless bullying, lying for the purpose of lying, and stealing of useless things.
The disorder is marked by a persistent pattern of disregard for the rights of others. This, in addition to the repeated violation of others’ rights, is able to be traced back to childhood or early adolescence and continues to be evidenced in adulthood. The diagnostic criteria are as follows. There must be evidence of at least three of the following occurring since the age of 15...
Jayden King Jr. is a seven-year-old boy who was diagnosed as emotionally disturbed in 2014. Jayden requires a 1:1 crisis paraprofessional because he exhibits an inappropriate and disruptive behavior on a daily basis. Based on the Antecedent-Behavioral-Consequence Chart, there were several noted incidences where Jayden has temper tantrums, was non-compliant, wandering and physically abusive. When redirected, Jayden will make loud vocalizations, kicking, screaming and throwing himself on the floor. The behavior that will be targeted for remediation is his defiant behavior. Defiance is defined as the refusal to obey and follow a directive from someone of authority or opposing force. The apparent triggers that affect Jayden’s
Oppositional Defiant Disorder is a pattern of negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior lasting at least six months, during which four (or more) of the following are present:
Conduct Disorder has been a part of the American Psychological Association’s Diagnostic Statistical Manuel (DSM) since its original release date in 1994. Although, there is new information about the disorder that was previously unknown, Conduct Disorder is distinguished by a “repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate norms or rules are violated” (American Psychiatric Association, 1994.) This mild, moderate, or severe antisocial behavior begins to appear either in childhood, categorized as early-onset conduct disorder , or in adolescence after ten years of age, classified as adolescent-onset conduct disorder (Passamonti et al., 2010.) The criteria to meet to be diagnosed with this disorder are separated into four subgroups: aggressive conduct, nonaggressive conduct, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of the rules. Three or more incidents must be present in the past twelve months with at least one of the characteristics being present in the past six months. This disorder causes severe impairment of functioning across a variety of situations so it is important to keep in mind society and individual situations because this diagnosis may be “misapplied to individuals in settings where patterns of undesirable behavior are sometimes viewed as protective” (American Psychiatric Association, 1994.) For example, a patient that has recently relocated from a war torn country would most likely not be a candidate for Conduct disorder even though he or she may exhibit some of the characteristics.
... abuse in adulthood. In conclusion to the study the following evidence suggests that children with conduct disorder may be at risk for major mental disorders. Other outcomes also show that children with conduct problems also have a higher incidence of criminality as an adult. Antisocial personality disorder in adulthood is almost always preceded by conduct disorder in childhood.
Conduct Disorder (CD) appears to be linked with substance abuse disorders (SUD) among adolescents when compared to other mental disorders within this population. There is a strong correlation between childhood diagnosis of CD because of environmental and genetic factors and is more common among boys than girls when there is a positive parental history of SUD. Pagliaro & Pagliaro (2012) have indicated that a dual diagnosis involving CD may be mediated among adolescents with childhood A-D/HD by the factor of deviant peer affiliation and co-morbidity of CD or of ODD is at an increased risk for developing a peer-mediated SUD during adolescence.
Individuals who are diagnosed with conduct disorder have repeatedly shown behaviors that are considered aggressive. Further, these behaviors disregard the rights of other persons or they oppose what society has deemed as appropriate behavior for that particular age. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) has put these problem behaviors into four categories; aggression towards people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious rule violations. Aggression towards people or animals can include bullying or threatening others, or physically harming animals such as abusing them. Purposely setting someone’s house on fire is an example of destruction of property while lying to others to get what one wants is an illustration of deceitfulness or theft. The last area of performance would constitute as the teenager staying out past curfew, regardless of what their parent says or being constantly absent from school (Mash & Wolfe, 2013).
Antisocial Personality Disorder is a mental health diagnosis of someone whom exhibits continued deceitfulness, aggressiveness and irritability, reckless disregard for the safety of others or themselves, lack of remorse, high level of impulsiveness, failure to conform to social norms as well as consistent irresponsibility. For one to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder, the individual must exhibit at least three out of the seven signs of antisocial and irresponsible behavior after the age of fifteen (Oltmanns & Emery, 2012). They are extremely egocentric individuals, whom their main goals are derived from power, pleasure or personal gain. People suffering from antisocial personality disorder deal with continued failure to perform responsibilities in their family roles, as well as occupational roles. Violence and conflict is not unusual to them, as well as physical fights. “These people are irritable and aggressive with their spouses and children as well as with people outside of the home. They ...
West’s passion towards the disregards of normal social behavior and exaggeration of self-appraisal is possibly derived from the fusion of Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) and Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition (DSM-5) label both APD and NPD as personality disorders. The American Psychiatric Association describes personality disorders (PD) as the association in how an individual thinks and feels about oneself and others that significantly and adversely affect how an individual function in many aspects of life (APA, 2013). The Journal of Family Practice reports that PDs are common, affecting up to 15% of US adults associating with comorbid medical and psychiatric
Introduction This article aimed to demonstrate the differences between female offenders with psychopathic traits as compared to those with antisocial personality disorder. In order to do so a battery of tests were administered to allow for laboratory observations of cognitive and affective responses to fear inducing stimuli in three separate situations. This situational variation allowed observation of the ways in which female offenders respond differently to stressful situations based on a task related demand. The variation in situations created differential responses to violent images depending on the prominence of psychopathy versus ASPD.
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Aggression is commonly connected with other disruptive behaviors such as ADHD, conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder; in those cases it is essential to identify the primary diagnosis to develop a disorder-oriented approach that would assist in the control of aggression (List & Barzman, 2010). It i...
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