Oppositional Defiant Disorder

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Introduction
Oppositional defiant disorder is classified in the DSM V in Disorders of Childhood and Adolescents. ODD is a disorder in which the child is argumentative and defiant, angry and irritable, and vindictive. Children with ODD may experience numerous negative symptoms. ODD was first added to the DSM-III, where it was originally called Oppositional Disorder. Since then numerous changes have been made to the disorder. ODD is slightly more prevalent in boys than in girls. The onset of ODD is usually elementary school age. There are many factors that can contribute to a child developing ODD. Although much is known about ODD there is still a lot more research that needs to be done.
Disorder
Definition
Oppositional defiant disorder as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) is a “recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior toward authority figures” (Rowe, Costello, Angold, Copeland, and Maughan, 2010, p. 726)” In the 5th edition it is defined as a pattern of angry/irritable behavior, or vindictiveness lasting at least 6 months, and is exhibited during interaction with at least one individual that is not a sibling. The American Academy of Child and adolescent Psychiatry defines it as an ongoing pattern of uncooperativeness, being defiant, and using hostile behavior toward authority figures that seriously interferes with the child’s everyday function. These definitions all included some similarities. The defiant behavior exhibited by the child is usually directed towards a person in authority. They all also describe in as a pattern, something that is ongoing for a specific amount of time. All the other literature appears to be in agreement w...

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Erford, BT., Paul, LE., Kress, VE., and Erford, MR. (2014). Counseling outcomes for youth with oppositional behavior: A meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling and Development, 92, 13-24.
Gathright, MM. and Tyler, LH. (2012). Disruptive behaviors in children and adolescents. Psychiatric Research Institute, 1-28.
Nock, MK., Kazdin, AW., Hirpi, E., Kessler, RC. ( 2007). Lifetime prevalence, correlates, and persistence of oppositional defiant disorder: Results from, the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 703-713.
Rey, JM. (1993). Oppositional Defiant Disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1769-1778.
Rowe, R., Costello, EJ., Angold, A., Copeland, WE., and Maughan, M. (2010). Developmental pathways in oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 726-738.

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