OPHTHALMICS
1. INTRODUCTION
Ophthalmics are the sterile liquid, solid or semi- solid preparations may contain one or more pharmaceutical ingredient (s) intended to be administered onto the internal, external surface of the eye or adjacent to the eye.
These are essentially free from foreign particles or viable microorganism, suitably compounded and packaged for easy instillation into the eye. The excipients added should not affect the stability of the product and the availability of the active ingredients at the site of action. Coloring agents are not recommended for ophthalmic preparations.
Ophthalmic products can reside in the eye for few seconds to hours to months or even years based on the type of dosage form. Based on the site of administration, ophthalmic preparations are named as
• Topical Preparations – administered to the external surface of eye.
• Intraocular Preparations – administered inside the eye.
• Periocular Preparations – administered adjacent to the eye.
Ophthalmics are used therapeutically or prophylactically. Therapeutically these are used in the treatment of dry eye, glaucoma, infections of eye or eyelids, intraocular or surface conditions like conjunctivitis or inflammation. Drug categories that are used therapeutically includes miotics, mydriatics, anti – virals, antifungals, antibacterials, anaesthetics, astringents, cycloplegics, vasoconstrictors etc.
Ophthalmics used for prophylactics includes post-surgical /post –trauma preparations to prevent or to reduce the risk of infections and surgical accessories which helps to keep the delicate cells healthy. Multidose preparations of ophthalmics include a suitable antimicrobial agent. The important characteristic requirement for all type of ophthalmic product...
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... consists of lacrimal glands which secretes tears. Tear is a clear watery fluid secretion which consists of numerous salts, glucose, some organic compounds, some proteins and the enzyme, lysozyme. Tear fluid helps in lubricating and cleansing the eye under normal conditions. It also maintains a thin fluid film which covers the cornea and conjunctiva. Excess of tear fluid enters into the lacrimal lake from where it is drained by the lacrimal canaliculi (a small tube which leads to the upper part of nasolacrimal duct).
The lysozyme present in the tear fluid keeps the cul-de-sac sterile, i.e. free of pathogenic organisms. This enzyme acts by destroying saprophytic organisms largely and pathogens to a smaller extent. In diseased conditions the characters of lacrimal fluid gets altered and this may lead to dryness, burning sensation and other general discomfort in eye.
The TearLAb device allows the practitioner to monitor and supervise the tear film’s osmolarity, which is an important factor correlated with dry eye. In normal patients tear osmolarity is low and very similar to blood osmolarity (290 milliosmoles per litter). This indicates that tears are in proper homeostasis. On the other hand, dry eye patients have elevated (> 316 mOsm/L) and unstable tear osmolarity which can vary both over time and between eyes.[4]. This test is simple and quick to perform which can be easily delegated to a consultant or a technician
The middle layer of the eye includes the iris, the ciliary body, the lens and the choroid. The iris gives a person’s distinct eye colour, controls the size of the pupil and hence the amount of light entering the eye. It separates the anterior and posterior chambers in the front part of the eye. These chambers contain the aqueous humour, which is important in nourishing the lens and cornea. The lens is a shear, flexible structure, which changes its shape and hence participate in focusing one’s vision on close or distant objects. The vitreous humor is a jelly-like substance that fills the back portion of the eye. It has a structural function and is involved in maintaining the eye’s shape, but also helps transmitting the light to the retina. The choroid is a membrane found between the sclera and the retina. It lines the back of the eye and is rich in blood vessels. It is highly pigmented in order to absorb light and prevent scattering.
Glaucoma is a disease of the eye and it is fluid pressure within the eye rises and if the eye is left untreated the patient might lose vision or maybe even blind. But this disease is generally affects both eyes but although one of their eyes may have more severe signs or symptoms then the other eye. When you have glaucoma there are small spaces in the front of the eye and they are called anterior chamber. There is clear liquid that flows in and out of the anterior chamber and the fluid nourishes and bathes nearby the tissues. And if the patient has glaucoma the fluid dose not drain like it should drain but the fluid drains out of the eye. And this may lead to fluid build up and pressure inside the rises of the eye. Unless the pressure is brought down and controlled and the optic nerves and some of the other parts of the eye might become damaged leading to ...
Though you may be looking for the Lasik surgery procedure to get rid of those irritating glasses and lenses, you should always attempt to make informed decisions. Over the years, thanks to the rapid advancement, Lasik procedure has become safer with lesser side-effects.
A cosmetic surgery procedure designed to reduce puffiness/bagginess under lower eyelids and hooded skin on upper eyelids
...ot prescribed for individuals with immediate-type hypersensitivity reaction (urticarial, angioedema, or anaphylaxis) to penicillins or ampicillin.i
Discuss the possible drug and excipient-related constrains of the formulation (no identity of the drug was given to you at this
A surgeon is one of the most serious professions in the society for saving people. Surgeon treated through surgical intervention using specialized tools and equipment. Often the patient undergoing surgery during general anesthesia. The surgeon can specialize in a particular part of the human body; there are orthopedics, neurosurgery surgery and ear, nose and throat and plastic surgery as well as other surgical specialties. There is several types’ surgery: Surgery Elective to correct a medical condition, not threatening patient 's life, Emergency Surgery to save the patient 's life, open surgery, scope surgery, electro surgery, laser surgery, ultrasonic scalpels, Shock waves. Surgeon of disciplines important in medicine is a profession practiced by humanity and lead morally senior role because this profession needs tenderness, kindness and diligence, honesty and good
I work in the Surgery department in the pre-operative and post-operative phase. One of the EBP that we use is intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis prior to surgeries. Studies have shown absolute decrease of infections and length of hospital stay. The timing of preoperative prophylaxis is crucial. “F...
“Individuals are encouraged, even expected to make ‘lifestyle’ choices to maximize their life chance and simultaneously held responsible for managing and minimizing the risk associated with these decisions” (Leve, 2012:124). Media discourse is part of everyone’s day to day life, ideals of bodies are shown in all these media communication’s in order to appeal to the consumer. This could be considered to have made society become obsessed by looks, meaning that individuals feel the pressures to keep up with how people are represented in the media, for example recognized celebrities in magazines. According to The British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, or BAAPS, there was a 16.5 percent increase of procedures in 2012. These statistics show that cosmetic surgery is becoming normalized, “This is how we live now. Anything that makes us feel better about our appearance, whether it involves needles, knives or acid, is acceptable’ (Wiseman, 2012)
Cosmetic surgery consists not just of enhancing someones beauty, but also to help those who have been badly damaged in an accident or who have physical birth defects. Many believe that women are the main gender that go for cosmetic surgery. Yet studies have shown that 11% of men are also getting cosmetic surgery - in fact since 1992, the percentage of men getting cosmetic surgery has gone up by 50%. Middle aged men see plastic surgery as an investment in their career prospects. It is important to know that it is neither sex nor age which makes some type of aesthetic surgery procedure feasible, but what is important is a good general health condition.
LASIK eye surgery, also called, laser-assisted in-situ kerkatolmileusis, is a procedure which corrects vision problems and eliminates the need for glasses or contact lenses. It’s a type of eye surgery that changes the shape of the cornea using a laser. With LASIK eye surgery, the main goal is to “bend light rays to focus more precisely on the patient’s retina” and to produce clearer and sharper vision.
The creation of the first wearable pair of eyeglasses is credited to Salvino D'Armate in Italy around the year 1284 (Bellis). Despite numerous improvements made to this original model, the eyeglasses remained an elementary piece of technology that provided the sole form of vision correction at that time. This was the case century after century. Leonardo da Vinci left us with the first sketches and descriptions of contact lenses in 1508 (CLC). The credit for developing the first corneal contact lens is given to Dr. Thomas Young in 1801. He created a one quarter inch long glass tube filled with water which had a microscope lens fitted on the end (Hartstein). It wasn’t until the late 19th century, however, that the first crude, but tolerable pair of contact lenses were introduced (CLC). Since this first medieval pair, the contact lens has been improved upon time after time. From the introduction of using plastics in contact lens production to the soft, gas permeable, daily wear, disposable lens...
This protects the eye from becoming dry.The Cornea, a part of the sclera, is the transparent window of the eye through which light passes. The focusing of the light begins in the cornea.Behind the Cornea is a watery fluid called the aqueous humor. This fluid fills a curved, crescent shaped space, thick in the center and thinner toward the edges. The cornea and the aqueous humor together make an outer lens that refracts, or bends, light and dire...