There were two families at the park with their kids. One family was Hispanic and the other family was American. The kids where out on the playground, and they started fighting. The Hispanic mother grabbed her child and spanked him. While the American mother grabbed her child and explains to him why the situation was wrong and took away the toy that he had. These mothers use operant conditioning to discipline their children. Both mother use punishment, but the Hispanic mother used positive punishment because she added something to the situation. During the same time, the American mother used negative punishment because she took away the kids toy. The use of operant conditioning to modify children behavior is different between American and Hispanic parents.
Skinner developed operant conditioning, another style that can explain how people get and manage voluntary behaviors (Hockenbury and Hockenbury, 2014, pg.199). Operant conditioning is the learning development that associates with changing the probability that a response will be done again by shaping the consequences of that response. One likely outcome of a behavior is reinforcement. Reinforcement is a stimulus that increases the behavior to be repeated in the future. There is two types of reinforcement; positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. Both are processes that increase a particular behavior. Both of this ways can affect future behavior, but they do it in different ways. In operant conditioning positive means adding something and negative means removing something. people can know if positive reinforcement has occur if a reinforcing stimulus makes them more possible to repeat a behavior in a similar situation in the future. According to Hockenbury and Hockenbu...
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Hockenbury, D. H., & Hockenbury, S. E. (2014). Discovering psychology (6th ed.). New
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Smedley, B. D. (2012). The Lived Experience of Race and Its Health Consequences. The Science of Research on Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Health, 102(May), 933.
Behavior modification is based on the principles of operant conditioning, which were developed by American behaviorist B.F. Skinner. In his research, he put a rat in a cage later known as the Skinner Box, in which the rat could receive a food pellet by pressing on a bar. The food reward acted as a reinforcement by strengthening the rat's bar-pressing behavior. Skinner studied how the rat's behavior changed in response to differing patterns of reinforcement. By studying the way the rats operated on their environment, Skinner formulated the concept of operant conditioning, through which behavior could be shaped by reinforcement or lack of it. Skinner considered his discovery applicable to a wide range of both human and animal behaviors(“Behavior,” 2001).
When asked directly about his children, he usually redirected the question for Anna to answer. It is very obvious that she deals with most of the household and child rearing responsibilities. These are very common gender roles in Latino families. Traditionally in the Latino culture, the mother is thought of as the one who takes care of the children and the home while the father is working and protecting his family. Although the brunt of the childrearing seems to be Anna’s job, she is also contributing to the financial earnings. Taking on both roles is much more common in contemporary society. The traditional gender roles of Machismo and Marianismo are becoming less important to the younger generations. “In the United States, Latinas, who typically work outside the home, likewise report less rigid gender roles than may have traditionally been the case”(Cauce & Domenech-Rodriguez 2000, pg.15) . Despite this fact, women are still mostly in charge of the domestic responsibilities. This is the case for Anna and
Fine, Michael J., Ibrahim, Said A., Thomas, Stephen B., The Role of Race and Genetics in Health Disparities Research, American Journal of Public Health, Dec. 2005, Vol. 95, No. 12, p 2125-2128.
According to Skinner’s theories, “Reinforcement does not strengthen the response instance that produces the reinforcer.” Rather, reinforcement can increase the likelihood that a comparable response may occur within the future. For one bottom-line, “behavior is not caused by something that has not yet happened.” Similar to operant conditioning, “the emission of a response reflects past conditioning, so the response occurs because similar responses were reinforced earlier, not because it will be reinforced later.” Skinner agreed that the “initial high response rate seen in extinction sessions exemplified this important aspect of operant conditioning” (Iversen, 1992, pp. 1325-1327). Theoretically, Skinner identified two aspects of reinforcement, one is the “pleasing effect of reinforcing stimuli, the other is their strengthening action.” Furthermore, Skinner emphasized that “feeling pleased by an event does not necessarily make a person want to repeat the respons...
Paul, D.A., Locke, R., Zook, K., Leef, K.H., Stefano, J.L. & Colmorgan, G. (2006). Racial
As Kirst-Ashman and Hull Jr (2012, pp. 453-454) reminds us, “the family is central to Hispanic culture and is hierarchical in structure. That is the father is the primary authority figure (Devore & Schlesinger, 1996). Furthermore, scholars inform us that many Hispanic fathers appear somewhat aloof from the family, especially the children as it is the father’s role to pursue instrumental roles such as earning a living. Often, this results in the father being less likely to express emotional support (Kirst-Ashman & Hull Jr., p. 454). Understanding these concepts of the Hernandez family culture as well as asking questions about their family members depicted on the genogram can aid me to become more informed. This can be a very positive step in the right direction in building a relationship of mutual respect and trust as in our respective roles as client and social work professional enhancing our ability to work together to determine the best intervention
from U.S. high schools in 2008, compared to 78% of White male students” (Kafele, B. (2012). Not only were...
A1 – Skinner believed that behaviour in setting which is reinforced tends to be repeated and behaviour that is not reinforced tends to die out or be weakened. Positive reinforcement should be used in setting to strengthen behaviour. Negative reinforcement can also strengthen behaviour because it stops or removes an unpleasant experience. Positive reinforcement can be shown by rewarding good behaviour with stickers and golden time. Negative reinforcement can be shown by doing the opposite of positive reinforcement with no stickers and no golden time.
Operant conditioning is a type of learning where a person is taught that specific actions are related to specific consequences. The main goal of using this type of conditioning is to encourage the individual to change his or her behavior in some way. Specifically, the individual can be encouraged to perform a desired behavior more often through use of positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement, and he or she can also be encouraged to perform an undesired behavior less often through use of positive punishment and negative punishment. Positive reinforcement is basically a type of operant conditioning in which an addition or reward is given to the individual when he or she has displayed the desired behavior, and as a result, the behavior
In this specific article, the authors had several questions about the way Mexican Americans went about their parenting. Mostly, they aimed to find a connection of how cultural values and neighborhood dangers impacted parenting. Past research discovered that it was quite hard to fit Mexican American parents’ parenting into the four parenting styles, because they were influenced by so many different factors. The four main types of parenting styles discussed were authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful. The participants were biological Mexican/Mexican American families of 5th grade students who lived in the same household in Southwestern United States.
Operant conditioning is a kind of conditioning, which examines how often a behavior will or occur depending on the effects of the behavior (King, 2016, pg. ). The words positive and negative are used to apply more significance to the words reinforcement or punishment. Positive is adding to the stimulus, while negative is removing from the stimulus (King, 2016). For instance, with positive reinforcement, there is the addition of a factor to increase the number of times that the behavior occurs (King, 2016). An example of positive reinforcement is when a child is given an allowance for completing their household chores. The positive reinforcement is the allowance which helps to increase the behavior of doing chores at home. In contrast with negative
Furthermore, the roles in Mexican American culture are always changing, but it has one common structure. The traditional role of a mother is to clean, cook and care for the children, she is the “Heart of the Family”(Garcia). The spanish word to embody the job of the
In each culture, there are traditions a customs that most families have in common. There are even customs that aren't as official but are reoccurring throughout. I’ve observed that in a typical Hispanic nuclear family, the mother is usually always a homemaker. She is home 22 out of the 24 hours of the day, she cooks and cleans, and she tends to the children from the moment they wake up, to the moment they go to sleep. She is feared and adored unconditionally. She is also the number one example any of her kids will have. Especially her daughters. Our examples are our homemaker mothers. I want to say that this is a perfectly fine thing with no downsides, but the fact of the matter is, this woman is not only a mom, or a wife, but she is an
B.F. Skinner is a major contributor to the Behavioral Theory of personality, a theory that states that our learning is shaped by positive and negative reinforcement, punishment, modeling, and observation. An individual acts in a certain way, a.k.a. gives a response, and then something happens after the response. In order for an action to be repeated in the future, what happens after the response either encourages the response by offering a reward that brings pleasure or allows an escape from a negative situation. The former is known as positive reinforcement, the latter known as negative reinforcement (Sincero, 2012). A teenager who received money for getting an “A” is being positively reinforced, while an individual who skips a class presentation is being negatively reinforced by escaping from the intense fear and anxiety that would have occurred during the presentation.