Contents________________________________________ 1. Object Oriented Programming 1. Object Oriented Programming ________________________________________ Object Oriented Programming (OOP) means any kind of programming that uses a programming language with some object oriented constructs or programming in an environment where some object oriented principles are followed. The concept of "pure" in object orientation is a little subjective and not quite well defined in practice, but there are pure object oriented programming languages. The principles of object orientation on the other hand are well defined. Programming languages are quite nested in complicated materials, and it is hard to say that everything must be an object, since all formal …show more content…
History ________________________________________ Object oriented programming is divided up two categories. • Classic • Modern While this distinction is somewhat arbitrary, we believe it is instructive to consider OOP as it was practiced in the 1980s and early 1990s to demonstrate the motivation for more current practices. 2.1 Classic OOP object oriented programming can be traced back to a language called Simula, and in particular Simula 67, which was popular during the 1960s. By the early 1990s, enough experience had been gained with large OOP projects to discover some limitations. Languages such as Self, ideas like interface programming (also known as component or component-oriented programming), and methodologies such as generic programming were being developed in response to these difficulties. Although often derided by OOP purists, it was the standardization of C++ in 1998 —including generic programming facilities — that really ushered in the modern era of OOP, which we also refer to as Multi-Paradigm programming. This is largely due to the popularity of C++ and the genius of the Standard Template Library (STL) demonstrating the utility of the new methodology to such a large audience. Classic or pure …show more content…
• While Self did not survive to really become a modern OOP language, it was a second generation OOP language. Then, in the early 1990s, Alexander Stepanov and Meng Lee pioneered generic programming and wrote early drafts of C++'s STL. • early 1990s saw the development of CORBA and Microsoft's COM, which was a natural extension of the ideas that had led to the original Windows API. This interface or component programming was a natural extension of encapsulation —a basic tenet of OOP, as we will see. All of these developments were aimed at further managing or reducing complexity. Since this was the original goal of OOP and these techniques are used in conjunction with classic OOP, we find it appropriate to consider them in a treatment on "OOP". Future of OOP The future contains more standardization of functional programming techniques in OOP environments, particularly lambda expressions and closures, and more robust meta-programming constructs. Applying design patterns automatically through generic or meta programming techniques is an interesting
Let us now examine a number of perspectives that should be considered when designing software solutions. In most cases, these perspectives will have direct consequences to the design of the user interface.
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People who want to have a successful organization in business world; first they should be able to define OB which helps the organizations to be more effectively. “Organizational behavior is a study and an application of knowledge about how people, individuals and groups act in organizations” (Clark, 2000). Frankly, OB can help to indentify people behavior and to have a work relationship among the worker. Moreover, it can affect an organization to enhance its profitability and innovation by showing organization resources which can depends on customers. As well, it helps to achieve a job satisfaction by understanding the importance elements of motivation, communication and leadership.
The Ada language is the result of the most extensive and most expensive language design effort ever undertaken. The United States Department of Defense (DoD) was concerned in the 1970¡¦s by the number of different programming languages being used for its projects, some of which were proprietary and/or obsolete. Up until 1974, half of the applications at the DoD were embedded systems. An embedded system is one where the computer hardware is embedded in the device it controls. More than 450 programming languages were used to implement different DoD projects, and none of them were standardized. As a result of this, software was rarely reused. For these reasons, the Army, Navy, and Air Force proposed to develop a high-level language for embedded systems (The Ada Programming Language). In 1975 the Higher Order Language Working Group (HOLWG) was formed with the intent of reducing this number by finding or creating a programming language generally suitable for the department's requirements.
For years, C++ (C Plus Plus) has dominated the business market place for many different companies and has allowed many computer programmers to obtain vast amounts of knowledge and experience since 1972 when it was first developed by Dennis Ritchie of AT&T Bell Laboratories (Lambert / Nance Page 16). It has been in use for almost thirty years – not to mention the years before when it’s precursor C was developed and commonly used also – and has made a great impact on the development of software for business’ across the world. It has become a second nature programming language to those that use it and have been forced to stay with C++.
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Component Based Architecture creates a system that is easily extensible, promotes software reuse and intuitively understandable. A component often relates to an object in Object Orientated Programming. The RUP provides a systematic way to build this kind of system, focusing on producing an early executable architecture before committing full resources on a project.
Compilers collect and reorganize (compile) all the instructions in a given set of source code to produce object code. Object code is often the same as or similar to a computer's machine code. If the object code is the same as the machine language, the computer can run the program immediately after the compiler produces its translation. If the object code is not in machine language, other programs—such as assemblers, binders, linkers, and loaders—finish the translation.
Many different types of programming languages are used to write programs for computers. The languages are called "codes". Some of the languages include C++, Visual Basic, Java, XML, Perl, HTML, and COBOL. Each of the languages differs from each other, and each is used for specific program jobs. HTML and JAVA are languages used to build web pages for the Internet. Perl and XML can produce codes that block students from getting on certain inappropriate web pages on their school server. One of the most prominent programming languages of the day would have to be C++.
The Unified Modeling Language is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting the artifacts of software systems, as well as for business modeling and other non-software systems. The key is to organize the design process in a way that clients, analysts, programmers and other involved in system development can understand and agree on. The UML provides the organization. The UML was released in 1997 as a method to diagram software design, by some of the best minds in object oriented analysis and design. It is by far the most exciting thin to happen to the software industry in recent years. Every other engineering discipline has a standard method of documentation. Electronic engineers have schematic diagrams; architects and mechanical engineers have blueprints and mechanical diagrams. The software industry now has UML.
Object-orientated programming is methodology which is organized around objects and not actions. The perspective that this approach takes is that it is easier to compare objects. Object-orientated programming can be used in conjunction with UML, and within Object-orientated programming and there are various different methods. Object-orientated programming can be defined as constructing a model of a real world through combining data and actions.
It is important to understand that patterns are not independent entities. The design patterns that are present at a high level of abstraction will influence the manner of applying other patterns at the lower levels of abstraction. In addition, patterns often collaborate with one another. The implication is the selection of an architectural pattern will likely influence the choice of component-level design patterns, which have the most effect (Pressman, 2010). Further, if selecting a specific interface design pattern, this can result in the need to use other patterns that collaborate with it.
According to ( Marius Meyer Chapter 11 pg 211) Orientation or induction is the process of introducing and integrating a new employee into an organisation and a position.
Pascal programming language was designed in 1968, and published in 1970. It is a small and efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring. Pascal was developed by Niklaus Wirth. The language was named in honor of the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal. In 1641, Pascal created the first arithmetical machine. Some say it was the first computer. Wirth improved the instrument eight years later. In 1650, Pascal left geometry and physics, and started his focus towards religious studies. A generation of students used Pascal as an introduction language in undergraduate courses. Types of Pascal have also frequently been used for everything from research projects to PC games. Niklaus Wirth reports that a first attempt to merge it in Fortran in 1969 was unsuccessful because of Fortran's lack of complex data structures. The second attempt was developed in the Pascal language itself and was operational by mid-1970. A generation of students used Pascal as an introductory language in undergraduate courses. Pascal, in its original form, is a Procedural language and includes the traditional like control structures with reserved words such as IF, THEN, ELSE, WHILE, FOR, and so on. However, Pascal has many data structuring and other ideas which were not included in the original, like type definitions, records, pointers, enumerations, and sets. The earliest computers were programmed in machine code. This type of programming is time consuming and error prone, as well as very difficult to change and understand. Programming is a time-consuming a process. More advanced languages were developed to resolve this problem. High level languages include a set of instruction...