Cholelithiasis
Miss Jennifer Heart, after many episodes of pain in the upper right quadrant of her abdomen, decreased appetite, nausea, pain in the right shoulder that radiate down her back decided to go to a local GP. Miss Jennifer has been diagnosed with gallstone with some episode of cholecystitis. Miss Heart informed the nurse that her diet has changed since she started working as a nanny and she does not know how to balance her diet.
Pathophysiology
For the human body to function, proper nutrition is necessary. The gastrointestinal system has the significant role to help in eating, absorption of essential nutrients and removal of waste products. It is divided into two major parts; the alimentary canal that includes the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and the anus. The accessory organs, facilitate digestion of the nutrients include; the salivary glands, bile ducts, liver, pancreas, gallbladder (Story, 2015). The gallbladder that is part of the hepatobiliary system is responsible for storing bile coming from the liver (Strory, 2015).
Cholelithiasis also called gallstones is the development of stones in the gallbladder. If the situation is not taking care of, the
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The nurse should assess the patient for the presence of any infection and medicate with antibiotic (Story, 2015). Additionally, the patient needs to be evaluated for possible abdominal obstruction that can be present. “Abdominal X-ray, gallbladder ultrasound, computed tomography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, bilirubin levels, liver function tests, pancreatic enzymes, and laparoscopy” are some of the tests that would be performed during the visit (Story, 2015). Gallstone is usually treated by performing a surgical procedure to take out the stone. Some medications can also be given to help the stone to dissolve (Jaraari, et Al., p. 3,
...h a type of surgery called Cholecystectomy. The Non-Surgical approaches are used only in specific situations such as when a patient’s condition prevents using an anesthetic. In such cases, Oral dissolution therapy is used.
Strasberg SM (2008). "Acute Calculous Cholecystitis". New England Journal of Medicine 358 (26): 2804–2811. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp0800929. PMID 18579815
Amy Widener is a real estate agent, mother of two, and a sepsis survivor. In 2013 Amy was in the best shape of her life. She had just finished a Disney half marathon and was reaping the benefits of her intense training, little did she know that that training was going to save her life. One night she woke up with extreme abdominal pain and was rushed to the emergency room where she learned that she had a kink in her intestines. They performed emergency surgery and released her after a little bit of recovery. Instead of Amy’s pain getting better with recovery after her surgery, it got worse. This resulted in subsequent trips to the E.R. only to be sent home with more and more antibiotics. Two months after her surgery she went into the emergency
However, patient needs to have gallbladder removed. Patient with cholecystitis requires hospital admission for complete bowel rest and other treatment. NG tube insertion and gastric decompression is other non-pharmacological way to prevent further gall bladder stimulation. Surgical treatment of cholecystitis includes laparoscopic choleycystectomy, percutaneous cholecystectomy and open cholecystectomy .The treatment of choice for symptomatic cholecystitis is laparoscopic choleycystectomy. Approximately 90% of gallbladder removal is done laparoscopically because it is considered as gold standard treatment. This procedure is performed by using four small incisions and gallbladder is removed by using one of them. Likewise, Percutaneous cholecystectomy is other treatment option for diagnosis and treatment of acute cholecystitis for patients who are at risk for any surgical procedure or general anesthesia. Open cholecystectomy is performed when the inflammation is severe. In this procedure gallbladder is surgically opened and the purulent drainage, bile and stones are removed. Cochrane reviews suggest that there is no difference in complication rate, mortality or operative time in comparison to laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy (Graham, 2008). However, because of less surgical risk, less hospital stay and short recovery period current usual treatment option is
The laparoscope was inserted and the remaining ports were placed visualizing their placement with a laparoscope. An 11 mm port was placed in the subxiphoid location, and two 5 mm ports were placed laterally under the right subcostal (rib) margin. The gallbladder was identified. It was edematous, acutely inflamed. It was grasped with the fundus and retracted in a (cephalad) direction. There were no omental adhesions adherent to the gallbladder that were taken down sharply. The neck was then grasped along the lateral most ports and retracted in a lateral direction. The cone bile duct was identified and care taken to avoid injury to this structure. The cystic artery and cystic duct were identified, mobilized, doubly ligated with endoclips and then divided. The gallbladder was dissected free from the liver with the electrocautery. The specimen was placed in an (Endo Catch) (sac), and was removed through the umbilical incision with no difficulty. The Hassan trocar was reinserted into the abdomen, reinflated the suprahepatic lymphatic space was irrigated copiously with normal saline. Adequate hemostasis was obtained in the gallbladder fossa with the electrocautery. The 360 degree
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD is a group of progressive lung diseases that block airflow and make it hard to breathe. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the most common types of COPD (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2016, p 557). Primary symptoms include coughing, mucus, chest pain, shortness of breath, and wheezing (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2016, p.557). COPD develops slowly and worsens over time if not treated during early stages. The disease has no cure, but medication and disease management can slow its progress and make one feel better (NIH, 2013)
On admission, a complete physical assessment was performed along with a blood and metabolic panel. The assessment revealed many positive and negative findings. J.P. was positive for dyspnea and a productive cough. She also was positive for dysuria and hematuria, but negative for flank pain. After close examination of her integumentary and musculoskeletal system, the examiner discovered a shiny firm shin on the right lower extremity with +2 edema complemented by severe pain. A set of baseline vitals were also performed revealing a blood pressure of 124/80, pulse of 87 beats per minute, oxygen saturation of 99%, temperature of 97.3 degrees Fahrenheit, and respiration of 12 breaths per minute. The blood and metabolic panel exposed several abnormal labs. A red blood cell count of 3.99, white blood cell count of 22.5, hemoglobin of 10.9, hematocrit of 33.7%, sodium level of 13, potassium level of 3.1, carbon dioxide level of 10, creatinine level of 3.24, glucose level of 200, and a BUN level of 33 were the abnormal labs.
In this article, you are informed about a disease that is occurring more often in our society. It is commonly referred to as “heartburn” but is more appropriately named acid reflux disease or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Most people suffer from this disease, but think nothing of it. Perhaps they have felt it after a big meal, lying down after eating, during pregnancy, or even when bending over. Most people feel that GERD occurs after eating spicy foods, when in fact the major cause of GERD is fatty foods and the quantity of foods eaten.
The digestive system otherwise known as the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) is a long tube which runs from the mouth to the anus. It operates to break down the food we eat from large macromolecules such as starch, proteins and fats, which can’t be easily absorbed, into readily absorbable molecules such as glucose, fatty acids and amino acids. Once broken down, these molecules can cross the cells lining the small intestine, enter into the circulatory system and be transported around the body finally being used for energy, growth and repair.
As the digestive system breaks down your food, after it's broken down it turns into energy. Your circulatory system takes some the produced energy and transports it around the body, delivering it and other blood, nutrients, oxygen, and more compounds to every cell in your body. The digestive depends on the circulatory as much as it does vice versa because they need the blood, nutrients, and energy (broken down food) that was produced from both systems. Many digestive organs need to use about 30% of cardiac output. Both the digestive and circulatory systems get rid of unwanted or unneeded materials (waste) and feces (poop). The vial substances are absorbed by the small intestine, where it is put into the bloodstream, so it can be circulated around the body. The most important thing is that with no nutrients and circulation, there's no life.
Lithotripsy is the medical term for treatment of kidney stones and gall bladder. It is also known as Extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy.
In 1990, my aunt Ann started experiencing heart-problems. My family was very close to Ann because she lived only a block away. Aunt Ann would walk over to our house everyday for a visit. During this particular summer, Ann noticed that she was becoming increasingly out of breath from just the short walk. The entire family strongly urged that she see a doctor as soon as possible.
The excretory system, which includes the rectum and anus helps the digestive system by getting rid of waste and the digestive system helps the excretory system by breaking down food to be eliminated from the body. Wow! The human body wouldn’t be able to work without one or the other. Anyways, I hope you enjoyed reading my journey throughout the human digestive system. I hope to write again from where my next journey from here will begin- perhaps it will be in the ocean or along Sydney Water pipes. Until next
The human digestion system is very complex. It starts with the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, then ends/exits with the anus. Each step is essential to the whole system. For example, the mouth chews food and mixes it with saliva produced by the salivary glands, and then the pharynx swallows chewed food mixed with saliva, this is followed by the food traveling through the esophagus to the stomach where the food gets a bath and mixes with acids and enzymes. After the stomach, the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder produce, stores, and releases bile and bicarbonates. Bile is produced in the liver and aids in digestion and absorption of fat while the gallbladder stores bile and releases it into the small intestine when needed. Following the process into the small intestine, this is where nutrients will be absorbed into the blood or lymph (most digestion occurs here). Next is the large intestine this is where water and some vitamins and minerals are absorbed. Finally, it is the end of the road, the anus. At...
The digestive system is a very important system in the human body. It is a group of organs that work together to turn food into energy and nutrients in the entire body. The food that was chewed in a humans’ mouth now passes through a long tube that is inside of the body that is known as the alimentary canal. The alimentary canal is made of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and large intestines. Those few things are not the only important accessories of the digestive system there is also the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.