Nt1310 Unit 6 Lab 1
explanatory Essay
619 words
Lab 6: pre-lab questions 1. Systolic blood pressure is the contraction phase of the arterial walls whereas diastolic blood pressure is the relaxation phase of the arterial walls. Mean arterial pressure is the average pressure in the arteries during one cardiac cycle. Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. It represents the force that the heart generates each time it contracts. 2. Total peripheral resistance (TPR) is the resistance to blood flow throughout the vasculature which can be influenced by the radius of the vessel, length of the vessel, and viscosity of the blood. Total peripheral resistance decreases with increasing intensity in aerobic exercise due to the significant dilation of the vessels during exercise. TPR …show more content…
In this essay, the author
- Explains that systolic blood pressure is the contraction phase of the arterial walls, whereas diastoliosis is relaxation. mean arterial pressure represents the average pressure in the arteries during one cardiac cycle.
- Explains that total peripheral resistance (tpr) is the resistance to blood flow throughout the vasculature. it decreases with increasing intensity in aerobic exercise due to the significant dilation of the vessels during exercise.
- Explains that systolic blood pressure increases linearly as intensity increases, whereas diastolia remains constant or decreases slightly. oppositionally, little blood movement results in a lower pressure in the vessels and lower total peripheral resistance.
- Explains that the mean arterial pressure (map) is calculated as map= (pulse pressure/3) + diastolic bp, where a true average would be sbp/dbp.
- Describes the valsalva maneuver as an attempt at exhaling against a closed airway when the mouth is closed and nose is pinched shut.
- Explains that recovery heart rate would be lower in a fit individual than sedentary one because the cardiovascular system is not as efficient at transporting oxygen to the tissues.
- Explains that an 800-meter sprint is a high intensity and vigorous exercise that would rely on anaerobic metabolism. for an aerobic field test, the individual must perform an exercise in which they reach steady state and maintain their vo2max.
- Explains the 12-minute run test and the 1-mile walk test.
- Explains that the inability to assess vo2max is a source of error because the individual will not exercise to absolute fatigue.
Recovery heart rate would be lower in a fit individual than a sedentary one because the cardiovascular system is not as efficient at transporting oxygen to the tissues. 3. An 800-meter sprint is a high intensity and vigorous exercise that would rely on anaerobic metabolism which is not what the field test is measuring. For an aerobic field test, the individual must perform an exercise in which they reach steady state and maintain their level of VO2max. 4. The 12-minute run test requires the participant to cover as much distance in a 12-minute time period. Limitations to this test include participant motivation (http://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/cooper.htm). The 1-mile walk test is a modified version of the 12-minute run test and is a good option for individuals beginning a fitness program. The individual is assessed on how quickly they can complete one mile at a brisk walking pace. Limitations to this test can include results that do not directly asses VO2max since the test is low intensity (http://www.canadacollege.edu/fitnesscenter/assess-1-mile.php). 5. Sources of error include the inability to assess VO2max because the individual will not exercise to absolute fatigue and VO2max must be
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- Explains that the experiment aims to determine the effect of static and dynamic exercise on the mean arterial pressure (map).
- Analyzes how the summative data were organized for dynamic and static exercise. the graphs show the relationship between the type of exercise and the dependent variables.
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- Explains that during exercise, many changes occur in the body to adapt to the added stress. heart rate is the number of times a person’s heart beats in one minute.
- Explains that the lab's purpose was to determine how heart rate, systolic pressure, and diastotic pressure changed from rest through varying intensities of exercise.
- Explains that each of the three subjects had their heart rate and blood pressure measured three times. the pulse was taken at the radial artery for 15 seconds and multiplied by four to find beats per minute.
- Explains that each subject endured four phases of exercise on a cycle ergometer to see how heart rate and blood pressure would change during different exercise intensities.
- Analyzes how the average heart rate of the three participants at rest increased during stages 1, 2, and 3, but decreased during the recovery stage.
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- Analyzes how the heart rate, systolic pressure, and diastolitic pressures of the three subjects all increased as the exercise intensity increased. the recovery period is dependent on several variables.
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- Explains that a two-way repeated measures anova was used to compare between the 100% oxygen treatment and room air control for each cardiovascular and respiratory marker.
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In this essay, the author
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- Explains how exercise intensity affects heart rate and blood pressure levels. as exercise intensities increase, heart rates go up, but recover slightly during the recovery period.
- Explains that a traditional cuff with an attached air pump was used for the at rest portion of the exercise.
- Explains that the exercise was done on a stationary bike. the participant peddled the bike at 25-50 watts for the first 3 minutes and recorded heart rate and blood pressure.
- Analyzes how the data shows that as exercise intensity increases, so does heart rate.
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In this essay, the author
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- Explains the lub and dub sounds that occur when the valves in the heart open and close.
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653 wordsRead More - The Effects of Endurance Training of Cardiovascular Healthopinionated essayThe benefits of exercise are indisputable and understanding the relationship between cardiorespiratory endurance training and other categories of conditioning requires a review of changes that occur with incremented aerobic, or anaerobic capacity. Although, is moderation in thought of taking up endurance exercise for cardiovascular health? In order to provide an explanation, we would need to perform studies, include researched background information, and organization/analysis of the results.
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- Opines that understanding the relationship between cardiorespiratory endurance training and other categories of conditioning requires a review of changes that occur with incremented aerobic, or anaerobic capacity.
- Explains that endurance exercise is purposely done for the improvement of heart function.
- Opines that dr. o'keefe advises moderate exercise to improve life expectancy and cardiovascular health. more is not better for most people.
- Explains that cardiovascular fitness is the ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen-affluent blood to the working muscle tissues and utilize oxygen to procreate energy for kinetic energy.
- Explains that the study is the first to show that kids' cardiovascular fitness has declined around the globe since about 1975.
- Argues that exercise programs alone for patients with heart disease haven't shown improvement in the heart's pumping ability or the diameter of the coronary vessels that supply oxygen.
- Explains that if a young person is generally unfit now, they are more likely to develop conditions like heart disease later in life.
- Concludes that routine exercise is highly effective for avoidance and treatment of frequent chronic diseases, advancement cardiovascular (cv) health, and longevity. emerging data suggest that extreme endurance training can cause long-term benefits and damages.
615 wordsRead More - Health: Heart Diseasecomparative essayMyers, Jonathon. (2003, Jan. 7). Exercise and Cardiovascular Health. AHA Journals, vol. 107, Issue 1, e2-e5. Retrieved on Mar. 22, 2014 from http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/107/1/e2.full.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that if they run in place for 10 minutes, their heart rate will go up by 50% on average.
- Recommends plugging the labquest mini usb cable into the usb port on the side of the computer.
- Recommends holding the wireless heart rate monitor with a hand on each hand-grip. the white arrow should be facing up and pointed towards the computer.
- Advises that the white arrow on the labquest mini extension should be facing the same way as the heart rate monitor.
- Recommends having another person click the green collect button at the top of the screen. data may not be collected for up to 20 seconds.
- Explains that the top graph is your "heart rate as a vital sign" graph. if the x-axis and y-axes don't go up to 150, right-click on white space on the graph and skip to step 13.
- Explains that in the pop-up menu choose graph options, and then switch to the axes options tab.
- Explains that where it says top, type in 150, and where the text says right, enter 150.
- Recommends selecting the graph by clicking on it and pressing ctrl+c on the keyboard to copy.
- Explains that the bottom graph is your "heart beat" graph. click to make sure it is selected, then press ctrl+c to copy.
- Explains that on the left in the table are the actual numbers of your heart rate at particular times. input this data into a separate table.
- Recommends running in place for 10 minutes with all the zeal you can muster. time yourself using the timer.
- Recommends repeating steps 5-9 to get your post-physical activity heart rate.
- Explains that their average resting heart rate was 69.77 bpm, and average post-physical activity heartrate of 98.04, resulting in an average increase of 40.52%.
- Concludes that their hypothesis was not supported by the experiment because their resting heart rate only went up by 40.52%.
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- Explains that heart disease and stroke are the leading causes of death in the us. exercise can reduce the chance of becoming diabetic and manage diabetes.
- Explains resting heart rate is the amount of times a heart beats per minute (bpm) when the individual is sitting or lying down without having previously engaged in intense physical activity.
- Cites n.a., myers, jonathon, and toscano, joeseph.
1399 wordsRead More - Angiogenesis And Vasculogenesisexplanatory essayThe Blood flow in a vessel depends on pressure difference between different segments of the vessel (high-pressure segment to low-pressure segment of the vessel) and flow resistance (Kremkau 2011, p.127).
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the blood flow in a vessel depends on pressure difference between different segments of the vessel and flow resistance.
- Explains that the flow resistance depends on volumetric flow rate (ml/min or sec).
- Explains that volumetric flow rate is determined by pressure difference and resistance to flow.
- Explains that r provides the force required to the blood to travel through the vessel.
- Explains that in a long straight vessel, r depends on length of the vessel (l), vessels radius (r) and blood viscosity ().
- Explains that the flow resistance decreases to one sixteenth of initial value, when the vessels size doubles.
- Explains the poisseuilles equation, which predicts the volume flow and demonstrates difference in pressure and diameter of a vessel influence the blood flow.
- Explains that the difference in pressure between different vessel segments and flow resistance assist to maintain the steady flow (constant vfr) in a vessel.
- Explains blood causes friction between the moving layers in a narrowed vessel, which offers resistance to flow.
- Explains that poiseuilles law shows that the resistance to flow is highly dependent on changes in the radius (r4).
- Explains that stenosis increases the vascular resistance as described by poiseuille's equation, which says that resistance is inversely related to the radius of the fourth power.
- Explains poiseuille's equation demonstrates influence pressure and diameter size have on blood flow. flow changes occur mainly with radius changes.
- Explains that virchow (1821-1902) proposed that three distinct physiological variables need to exist together for a venous thrombus to occur.
- Explains the increase in coagulability of blood in patients with thrombophilia, malignancy, or surgical patients.
- Explains that it is a monophasic waveform with broad systolic peak and sustained flow throughout the diastone.
- Explains that low resistance blood vessels are characterized by forward flow throughout the cardiac cycle. they supply vital organs like the brain and kidneys that demand a continuous supply of oxygenated blood.
- Describes the internal carotid artery (ica), the renal, the umbilical, and the sma after eating.
- Explains that medium or mixed resistance (low and high resistance) may be found in some arteries.
- Explains that there is not much diastolic flow and no or minimal reverse flow.
- Explains the common carotid artery, which supplies the skin of the face and scalp through the relatively high resistance external and the low resistance internal.
- Explains that in a triphasic wave form, forward and reverse flows are seen simultaneously. negative pressure gradient leads to periods of reverse flow on spectral doppler waveform.
- Explains that there are three characteristic regions in the spectral waveform, which are sharp systolic rise, short reversal, and low amplitude forward flow.
- Explains that when blood travels with blunt flow profile proximal to the stenosis, most of the blood cells will be moving with same velocity and the spectrum will show only a small range of frequencies
- Explains that laminar flow changes to high velocity (to maintain volumetric flow rate) that is uniformly distributed and at its peak velocity at or just beyond stenosis.
- Explains that the geometry of stenosis is variable and narrowing is often not symmetrical some time producing eccentric jets, making it impossible to predict the typical velocity profiles. turbulent flow can withstand more acute geometric changes.
- Explains that the spectral trace will show an increase in systolic peak velocity as stenotic jet develops.
- Explains that there will also be a disturbed flow which is seen as spectral broadening due to differing flow velocities.
- Explains that turbulent flow will occur directly beyond the stenosis and spectral broadening, resulting in the wide range in velocities.
- Explains that turbulent flow and stagnant areas divide eddy flow from high velocity flow. if vessel lumen rapidly returns to normal diameter, flow separation can occur.
- Explains raynaud's syndrome is an obstructive arterial disease caused by a pre-existing vascular or systemic condition.
- Explains that ultrasound is not useful in diagnosing raynaud's syndrome, but it can diagnose the variety of conditions of the syndrome.
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- Explains that a bruit is an audible vascular sound associated with turbulent blood flow.
- Explains that auscultatory sounds may originate in the heart, cervical arteries, the cervical veins, or arteriovenous (av) connections.
- Explains that the source of an audible bruit can be evaluated and documented using duplex ultrasound imaging.
- Explains the subclavian steal syndrome, which is characterized by occlusion of proximal sub-clavean artery located near the origin of vertebral arteries. stenosis may cause blood to flow through the basilar, ipsilateral, and post-stenotic sub
- Explains that doppler sonography is used to evaluate patients with suspected proximal arterial obstruction. colour flow imaging provides excellent description of stenosis.
- Explains that cardio vascular accedent is the rapid loss of brain function due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain.
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1860 wordsRead More - Musculoskeletal Problems In Nursing Essayexplanatory essayThis concept is taken from Block 4, Module 11 which is entitled as ‘Assessment of musculoskeletal system’.
In this essay, the author
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- Explains that nursing personnel are at high risk of musculoskeletal problems because they provide complete bedside care and they transfer or reposition patients at intervals.
- Explains that nursing work is challenging and stressful exposing nursing staff to musculoskeletal problems. they inform the management about the need for lifting devices and train the nurses on how to operate them.
- Explains that in order to prevent the risk of developing musculoskeletal problems in nursing practice, the following must be implemented.
- Opines that lifting techniques should be made available and nurses trained on how to use them.
- Opines that seminars should be scheduled to promote health of nursing staff as well as impact knowledge on prevention of musculoskeletal problems.
- Explains that the vascular system consists of arteries, veins, and capillaries, which supply blood rich in oxygen to the body and direct deoxygenated blood back to heart.
- Explains that nursing assessment of the peripheral vascular system involves history taking and physical examination.
- Explains that they collect patients' data and conduct a physical examination. assessing the peripheral vascular system of patients allows them to inspect the skin and extremities of the patients as well as the blood vessels to detect any problem or disease condition.
- Explains that the peripheral vascular system is made up of arteries, veins, and capillaries that convey blood to the heart and out from. the normal functioning of these blood vessels is affected by atherosclerosis.
- Explains that it enables the nurse to detect abnormal findings and plan care accordingly.
- Explains that the concept of musculoskeletal system is taken from block 4, module 11, which is entitled as ‘assessment of muscular oscillation system’.
- Explains musculoskeletal disorders are problems that affect the muscles, joints and bones. the causes include occupation, sedentary lifestyle, aged people, poor body posture and balance, lack of exercise, and stress.
- Explains that the concept is taken from block 4, module 12, which is entitled ‘assessment of peripheral-vascular and lymphatic system’.
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In this essay, the author
- Describes the benefits of running and aerobic exercises on reducing health risks.
- Explains that they investigate the effects of running on reducing the risk of some health problems. their grandfather suffered a heart attack, and he also had cancer.
- Explains bruce leonard went to study the zuni indian tribe, which had a bad history of diabetes until they started to run.
- States that their research reveled that diverticular disease can be reduced in men that run. mitchell whaley, the director of adult physical fitness program at ball state university, analyzed data collected from runners.
- Analyzes how martha l. slattery, ph.d., from the university of utah medical school, found that running is a good exercise.
- Explains that running can help prevent many types of cancer. leonard cohen's article "running for your life" talks about how running helps reduce colon.
- Opines that running isn't a cure, but it is definitely preventive measure for many health problems.
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