Process Chemistry – Outcome 2
Propene
Blair Holman
08/01/2018
Contents
Industrial Synthesis
Main Uses
Demand
Origins
Availability
Cost
Environmental Impact
Bibliography
Industrial Synthesis
Propene is naturally occurring bi-product of the fractional distillation of crude oil. It can also be produced from natural gases and to a small extent it can be produced from coal. Propene among other compounds is produced by cracking large long chain hydrocarbons to create more products that have a higher demand. One of the main sources of propene is from cracking naphtha which is used to make ethylene but produces propene as well. It can also be produced by using refinery cracking which also produces other
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Main uses
Propene has many uses in the chemical industry but one of its main uses comes in the petrochemical industry. It is second most important chemical in this industry and is used as part of the process of creating a large amount of goods. Polypropene the plastic makes up most of the demand for propene. Polypropene is then used to make many more materials such as containers fibres, caps, packaging, and films. It also has many other uses in the production of making other chemicals.
The cumene process uses propene as well as benzene to create acetone and phenol but isopropanol, acrylonitrile, epichlorohydrin and propylene oxide are other products it can produce. It is used as a different fuel source in oxy-fuel welding and cutting and used for heating and brazing to bend materials. Acrylic acid is produced by partially oxidising propene for it industrial production. It can also be used in MAPP substitutes and bernzomatic products.
“A building has integrity just like a man. And just as seldom” - Ayn Rand. In the time of Pericles, the city-state of Athens, Greece celebrated a golden age of architecture. Athens led Greece with wealth, awe-inspiring buildings, and the world's first ever democracy. The crown of this great city was the Acropolis, where the Athenians built all of their prized buildings. The entrance to this city was known as the Propylaea, an ornately decorated gateway that stood as both a guard to the city’s invaders and a testament to architectural achievement. The Propylaea has a historic, aesthetic, and modern value.
The most common form of polyethylene is petroleum based or olefins based; as before mentioned polyethylene compounds have a wide commercial applicability and are made from non-renewable resources (Harding, Dennis, von Blottnitz, Harrison, & S.T.L., 2007). Its manufacturing processes are regarded as energy intensive and release significant amount of CO2 and heat into the atmosphere (Broderick, 2008). Next a little more detailed description of polyethylene’s production processes will be presented, with a focus on the way the material inputs are extracted and synthesized.
Discuss where and how the fuel is obtained or made and the chemical processes involved (plus the energy inputs these processes require) - 19 marks
Polyethylene (PE) is one of the most commonly used polymers which can be identified into two plastic identification codes: 2 for high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and 4 for low density polyethylene (LDPE). Polyethylene is sometimes called polyethene or polythene and is produced by an addition polymerisation reaction. The chemical formula for polyethylene is –(CH2-CH2)n– for both HDPE and LDPE. The formation of the polyethylene chain is created with the monomer ethylene (CH2=CH2).
Butane also has many uses. Because of its high flammability, it is commonly used in lighter fluids. It is often bottled and used for camping stoves or outdoor grills. Since Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) became known to deplete the ozone layer. The chlorine in CFCs is the main culprit in destroying the layer. Butane does not have a chlorine atom in its composition so has therefore become the better
It is one of largest group of organic thermoplastic polymers [1] as well as because it’s non-porous or non-polar and odorless material that is used in structural plastics, consumer goods, food packaging and industrial products. Polyolefin states “oil like” and is commonly cited to as thermoplastic or polyalkene has a waxy texture. This type of compound for the most part utilized in the field of research and production in the petrochemical and organic chemistry industries.
of uses after it is refined. Some of the more well-known uses for petroleum products are as
Polyurethanes are used for the manufacturing of non-flexible, high-resilience foam seating; microcellular foam seals and gaskets; durable elastomeric wheels and tires ; automotive suspension bushings; rigid foam insulation panels; electrical potting compounds; high performance adhesives; surface coatings and surface sealants; synthetic fiber carpet underlay; hard-plastic parts; condoms; and
from petroleum and natural gas. [1] It is a valuable resource that is commonly used in tires,
Polyethylene is a polymer that is made of a long chain of CH2 monomers bonded together. It is one of the most commonly used polymers in everyday items. Grocery bags, soap bottles, children’s toys, and even bullet proof vests are all made from polyethylene.2 This polymer is very versatile and can be used in many materials but this all depends on the way that the polymer is chemically made or enhanced. There are many different types of polyethylene classified by density and branching. 2
Production of polypropylene takes place by slurry, solution or gas phase process, in which the propylene monomer is subjected to heat and pressure in the presence of a catalyst system. Polymerization is achieved at relatively low temperature and pressure and the product yielded is translucent, but readily colored. Differences in catalyst and production conditions can be used to alter the properties of the plastic. Propylene is obtained, along with ethylene, by cracking naphtha (crude oil light distillate). Ethylene, propylene, and higher alkenes are separated by low temperature fractional distillation.[3]
Petroleum engineering is one of the most important leading careers of society. This is a field of engineering which relates to parts of chemistry, hydrocarbons that can be crude/oil of natural gas. Petroleum engineering has many difficult stages. As you read more many other facts on why petroleum engineering is important will be stated.
In India, Petroleum products are used in Agriculture, Sugar mills, Power generation, Mining & Quarrying, Transport (Road, Shipping, Railways), Manufacturing industries (Civil, Iron & Steel Metallurgic, Textile & Fibre, Cement, Ceramics & Glass, Chemicals, Aluminium, Electronics, Fertilizers, Other consumer & industrial goods). End-use of various petroleum products in India is listed in Table 1.
After this compound is formed, then comes the polymerisation stage1. In the polymerisation stage the compound that is produced is heated at a temperature of 260oC and at a low pressure1. A catalyst is required at this stage to speed up the reaction - there are many options for catalysts such as antimony (iii) oxide1. After this step the polyester is formed and half of the ethane1,2- diol is restored which is removed1.
The oil refinery converts crude oil into valuable products and supplies. These products are made and sent to many countries abroad, in which are transported on land or along rivers and canals. Crude oil is then arranged and categorized into segments by fractional distillation. Raw crude oil, or unprocessed crude oil, is not normally beneficial in most industrial applications. Low sulfur crude oil has been valuable as a burner fuel to construct steam for the force of seagoing vessels. The lighter elements have the ability to construct explosive and dangerous vapors in the gas tanks. There are extremely hazardous, and are often used in war ships. The remaining hydrocarbon molecules are filtered from crude oil and used towards lubricants, feedstock, plastics, and fuels.