Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are polymers composed of multiple subunits of
monosaccharides (simple sugars). They are formed by condensation
reaction, in the same way as disaccharides are formed, the difference
stands in the larger number of monomer units which they are composed
from . The number of monosacchardies composing the chain is variable,
and there are two types of chains that can be formed: branched or
unbranched. The chains may be folded, thus making them compact and
therefore ideal for storage. The size of the molecule makes them
hydrophopic ( insoluble), which is another feature that makes them
ideal for storage, as they exert no osmotic influence and do not
easily diffuse out of the cell. If undergone to the process of
hydrolysis, polysaccharides can be converted to their constituent
monosaccharides ready for use as respiratory substrates. Examples of
storage polysaccharides are starch and glycogen.
Starch:
Starch is a mixture of two kinds of polymers of - glucose, amylose and
amylopectin. In amylose, the glucose units are joined by a linear
succession of (1 => 4) glycosidic links. The lengths of the amylose
chains vary within the same sample, but over 1000 glucose units occur
per amylose molecule. The formula masses range from 150 000 to 600
000. These molecules are found under the form of large grains,
ubicated in the inside of chloroplasts and in storage organs. They are
visible under a light microscope.
The long amylose molecules coil into spiral-like helices , which tuck
a significant fraction of the OH groups inside and away from the
contact with water. Thus amylose is only slightly soluble in water.
Amylopectin molecules have both (1 => 4) and (1=>6) glycosidic links.
The (1=>6) bridges link the C-1 ends of linear amylose-type to to C-6
positions of glycose units in other long amylose chains. There are
hundreds of such links per molecule, so amylopectin is heavily
branched, and the branches prevent any coiling of the polymer. This
leaves many more OH groups exposed to water than in amylose, so
The shape of the protein chains that produce the building blocks and other structures used in life is mostly determined by weak chemical bonds that are easily broken and remade. These chains can shorten, lengthen, and change shape in response to the input or withdrawal of energy. The changes in the chains alter the shape of the protein and can also alter its function or cause it to become either active or inactive. The ATP molecule can bond to one part of a... ... middle of paper ... ...
Sophie Arnott Title Identification of Unknown Carbohydrates Using Various Biochemical Tests Aim To identify various unknown carbohydrates by subjecting them to a series of biochemical tests. Introduction Materials Lab coat Safety goggles Gloves 6 solid carbohydrates- Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, Starch, Sucrose, Cellulose Permanent marker Deionised water Benedict’s solution Barfoed’s reagent Diastix strips Iodine Boiled water Large beaker 12 test tubes
Starch, cellulose, glycogen, and chitin are all examples of polysaccharides. According to the BIO 1510 Lab Manual (2016) polysaccharides are not very soluble in water but can be made to go into solution through heating or agitation. Polysaccharides are excellent energy storage molecules because they are easily built and broken down by enzymes. Forming fairly compact structures, polysaccharides allow energy storage without the space required by a pool of free glucose monomers. Other polysaccharides form strong fibers that provide protection and structural support in both plants and animals. (Carbohydrates.” Home,
...he viability of the microorganism nor the biological potency of the LPS. Deoxysugars are frequent components in O-chain structures but sugars that are more characteristic of the inner core region like heptose are seldom present. The most common substituents are O- and N- acetyl phosphate and phosphorylethanolamine groups. Amino acids in amide linkages, acetamidino groups as well as formyl groups and glyceric acid are often found as non stoichiometric substituents(Brade et al., 1999). The extended O-polysaccharide chains out from the bacterial outer membrane acts as a shield which enable the bacteria to get away from the lytic activity provided by the complement cascade. Many gram negative strains require O-polysaccharide as an essential component for the survival in host system as it prevents the attack from complement membrane attack complex (Joiner et al., 1984).
Carbohydrates are categorised in three many groups: Ø Monosaccharide – monomers and therefore contain single surgar. Ø Disaccharide – contain double sugars. Ø Polysaccharide – are large molecules containing many complex sugars. The general formula for carbohydrates is Cx(H20)y. Monosaccharides are white crystalline solids with low molecular mass and sweet tasting.
Glycolic acid is a group of chemicals known as alpha hydroxyl acids or fruit acids. It is mainly derived from sugar cane, and hence it is a natural product. The citric acid found in oranges and other citrus fruits also come under the same division as glycolic acids. The glycolic acid acne treatment can be effectively used to treat some cases of acne.
disaccharide, or double sugar. If more than two, such as hundreds and thousands bond, they form
Cholesterol can be linked to many diseases, but what most people don’t know is that cholesterol is actually essential for all animal life to exist. Without it, all animals, including humans, would cease to exist. Without a sufficient amount of cholesterol in the formation of an animal, birth defects occur because the fetus did not have enough cholesterol to function normally. There is actually “healthy” cholesterol and “bad” cholesterol. The “healthy” cholesterol is the approximate 1,000 mg the body needs to function, whether it be produced by the body itself or consumed through the diet. The “bad” cholesterol is all the excess that is ingested through the diet that our body cannot use nor digest. Without anywhere to go, it builds up in the body, leading to many heart-related diseases.
Carbohydrates are divided into two groups based on how complex their structure is.Monosaccharides is a simple carbohydrate because it has one simple sugar, disaccharides has a combination of two simple sugars.An example of disaccharides is lactose.Complex carbohydrates also known as polysaccharides are known to have multiple sugars.Polysaccharides are also used to store energy, an example of this starch.In addition, nutrients include proteins ,fats, minerals and vitamins.Multiple tests were taken like Benedict’s Solution, Lugol’s Solution, and Biuret’s Solution to test if the presence of a substance was there.
Would you expect glycogen to accumulate in the muscle of this patient? Why or why not? (5 points)
In every morsel of food are vitamins, minerals nutrients, and calories that allow our bodies to function properly. Examples of these macronutrients that need to be consumed include: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins and mineral. To begin, carbohydrates serve many functions in the body. There are many types of carbohydrates. There are simple carbs, complex carbs, refines unrefined carbs, starch and fiber. Everything that we ingest is broken down; simple carbohydrates are carbohydrates in the smallest form. Simple carbohydrates, or simple sugars, are commonly referred to as monosaccharaides (glucose, fructose, and galactose) or disaccharides, which are 2 simple carbs placed together. Cells use glucose to provide energy for cells through
chains instead of hydrogen atoms. Cross-linking is another way in which the polymer can be made stronger. This involves ultraviolet radiation that bombards the polymer with electrons and formulates bonds between the molecular chains of the polymers. This is like linear polyethylene but different in that it is more impact resistant, and it has a much higher density. This allows it to be stored or be used with different chemicals that would normally cause the polymer to desolve.3 This can start to become a problem because as the polymer continues to become chemically enhanced. So the ways of dissolving and recycling the polymer become more difficult.
Proteins are considered to be the most versatile macromolecules in a living system. This is because they serve crucial functions in all biological processes. Proteins are linear polymers, and they are made up of monomer units that are called amino acids. The sequence of the amino acids linked together is referred to as the primary structure. A protein will spontaneously fold up into a 3D shape caused by the hydrogen bonding of amino acids near each other. This 3D structure is determined by the sequence of the amino acids. The 3D structure is referred to as the secondary structure. There is also a tertiary structure, which is formed by the long-range interactions of the amino acids. Protein function is directly dependent on this 3D structure.
Complexity of compounds is the reason they must be absorbed long before the physical activity. Starch a main area of complex carbohydrates. It has several bonds. Starches are tightly bound carbon molecules and have several attaching elements. This bonding complexity is the reason starches are capable of retaining large amounts of energy. These compounds should be taken into an athlete's body prior to intense physical activity because an energy storage supply is necessary when simple compounds are completely oxidized.
Carbohydrates For my health project, I did carbohydrates. They are the bodies energy source. Carbohydrates supply the body with the energy it needs to function. They are found almost exclusively in plant foods, such as fruits, vegetables, peas, and beans.