Vocabulary Assignment #1
Nonexperimental Research (McMillan, 2012, p.13): Nonexperimental research is a quantitative research design in which the researcher has no control over any of the variables or factors within a study, and thus cannot influence the behavior of the subjects of the study.
This phrase relates to a study that I may conduct because I would like to investigate how student-athletes’ academic achievement compares to that of non-student-athletes. In such an investigation, I would have no over influence over whether or a not a student participated in athletics nor their academic achievement. I would only be able to analyze data and determine if there were a relationship between the variables.
Experimental Research (McMillan,
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48): A research hypothesis is a researcher’s prediction of the expected results of a study. Research hypotheses can be directional, in which the researcher states the exact “nature of the expected difference or relationship” between factors, or nondirectional, in which the researcher states that there will be some type of relationship between factors, but is not yet sure what that relationship will be. (McMillan, 2012, p. 48)
The Lumpkin and Favor study used a directional research hypothesis, as the investigators stated that they believed their research would prove that high school athletes had higher academic achievement than non-athletes.
Primary Source (McMillan, 2012, p. 68): A primary source is an original report in which the investigator(s) presents the methods and findings of his or her own study that he or she conducted.
This term relates to the Lumpkin and Favor study because that study is a primary source; it presents the methods and results of a study that the two women actually conducted themselves.
Secondary Source (McMillan, 2012, p. 70): A secondary source is document that does not present information that the author has gathered, but rather explains and summarizes a study that has been previously conducted by someone
Experimental research is the one type of research that allows psychologists to make causal statements. It is where the researcher changes one or more variables that may have an effect on some other variables (King, 2016). The hypothesis is a specific expectation about what is going to happen in the experiment (King, 2016). In the research, the hypothesis was that women would perceive fat talk to be more socially acceptable than men (Katrevich et al., 2014). The other elements of experimental method are dependent and independent variables. The independent variable (IV) is the cause of the results, and it is changed by the experimenter to find the effects, but the dependent vari...
When it comes to learning about events and people in history, nothing beats a primary source. There is information directly from the event and there are no worries about incorrect data because the author was there to witness said event. But the main problem with primary sources is the fact that it only covers part of the story. So if a book is written about, say, the concentration camps of World War II, then all that it would be about would be that persons view of the camps, not what was happening during the actually war. This is where secondary sources come in. Secondary sources are written by authors who were not involved in the event, but rather did research on said event and wrote a novel covering what they believe to be all important aspects. Secondary sources are helpful when wanting to know more than just one aspect of an event, for example, you can know what was happening with the ally powers and axis powers, rather than just one or the other. Despite not being involved in the events, secondary sources still tend to contain bias. This essay will cover the bias of the novel Over Here: How the G.I. Bill Transformed the American Dream, by Edward Humes and how this either helped to prove or disprove his thesis.
In order for a work to be considered a primary literature, it must have been written by professors or researchers who are reporting original findings and it must consist of a specialized format that includes abstracts and reference lists
Helps to establish that a student’s low academic achievement is not due to inappropriate instruction, poor developmental activities and expectations deficit
the fact that his grades and test scores "were significantly higher than those of several
Within the target site of the experiment, researchers wanted to answer their hypothesis; hypothesis was that increased police
Research is defined as systematic investigation in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions (OUP, 2014). The biopsychosocial model has already been described.
A primary source is some sort of documentation that was created at the time that one is studying. For example, when studying the Holocaust, an example of a primary source is Anne Frank’s diary. When people study the Holocaust today, they can read her diary for direct, first-hand information of that time. An excerpt from Treaty with the Indians, William Bradford documents his exact experiences and daily activities, in a journal, from the time when the Pilgrims arrived in North America (1620) to about 1647. Bradford was a leader of the English settlers of Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts. This is a time that is studied immensely by historians, as it is essentially the beginning of our nation. Therefore, having a journal of someone documenting
A primary source is recorded by someone who personally witnessed or experienced the subject in question (wwnortnon, n.d.). Cortes only gave information that he observed. He never said someone told me, he basically made descriptions as if he saw things himself. A document can be partially primary and partially secondary. If the writing is referenced and noted, it could be considered primary in some studies. If history is being studied, then you would have to search for the primary source (wwnorton, n.d.)
A primary source is an unfiltered window into the past that gives students access to the artistic, scientific, social, and political beliefs of a specific time period. As a result, primary sources allow college students the chance to critically analyze said beliefs and form their own unique interpretation of a time period. An example of this would be the college student, Ellen Ackerman, who is currently analyzing the primary source, The Guy Who Makes a Mock of Democracy (an old World War Two political cartoon illustrated by Doctor Seuss and published by PM Magazine), in order to present her interpretation for the final project of her history class. Through the close analysis of this primary source, Ellen is able to conclude racial prejudice
... possibilities, students who choose to study more might be smarter, on average, than students who choose to study less.)”,The article further stated that the difficulty to attain causation was due to their being no feasible or ethical way of providing for a control study into cause and effect between the factors of study effort and grades ‘ The difficulty of discerning cause and effect among naturally correlated events prompts most sociologist to create laboratory simulations of everyday processes whenever this is feasible or ethical’(pg.24)
Having satisfied this researchers then make epistemological assumptions surrounding the subject matter. They must decide on the type of evidence to be collected, considering which evidence will deliver optimum validity. They must decide which stance to take during research, objective or neutral, considering which would be possible or even favourable. They must then think about how this can be best achieved. Should the research be classified as 'scientific' or 'unscientific' and what determines this?
A researcher uses an experiment to scientifically test out a hypothesis. In an experiment there are many different factors that are involved. There is the independent variable, which is the cause, it is the one that is being manipulated, and the dependent variable, which is the effect, is the response. When conducting a experiment it is important to make sure that the only thing than can affect the dependent variable is the independent variable. This is known as internal validity. Using random assignment to separate the participants into groups helps eliminate any outside factors, and creates an equal chance for all participants to be apart of the experimental conditions. There are many pros and cons to this type of method. The experimental method creates a strong control of the variables involved in the experiment, which allows an easier determination on cause and effect. If needed, it is fairly easy to replicate an experiment and is less time consuming than other research methods. However there are many downfalls as well. When conducting an experiment the setting of where the experiment is taking place is more artificial which may cause certain behaviors that wouldn’t occur in real life. This is known as external validity, which is the measure of how much the results of a study can be generalized and used in different situations, and people. To improve external validity cover stories are created when conducting experiments so the participants are not aware of what is really going on, or experiments are done in a natural setting as opposed to in a laboratory. However, this creates less control over confounding variables that can affect the experiment, which can create bias results (Aronson,
Defining the research problem (questions) is the first step in the research process. This means to define the problem to be researched and what we want to find out. It is also important to determine whether it starts from some existing theories or hypotheses. The research is conducted to prove whether or not these assumptions are true.
The first dimension, which is relevant to our study, is that of empirical versus non-empirical studies. Empirical studies involve observing and measuring reality, thereby confirming knowledge through direct experience. Non-empirical (theoretical) studies involve developing and exploring theories that account for given data.