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General aspects of specific immunity
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Immune system split into two forms, specific, which is targeted against an individual type of micro-organism, and non-specific. The non-specific immune systems consists of cells and antibodies which includes phagocytosis and inflammation. Inflammation, triggered by damaged cells releasing alarm chemicals that causes blood vessels to dilate and causes redness, heat and swelling, but also prevents the infection from spreading and increases the speed of the healing process and it alarms the rest of the immune system to attract the white blood cells that conduct phagocytosis, to engulf pathogens and subsequently digesting them with lytic
The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body, and it defends the body from “foreign invaders.” Immunity can be divided in two three different defenses, and these are defined as first, second and third lines of defense. The first line of defense for the immune system is the primary defense against pathogens entering the body from the surface in order to prevent the start of disease and infection. Some examples of the first line of defense is the skin, protecting the external boundaries of the body, and the mucous membranes, protecting the internal boundaries of the body. Although the skin and mucous membranes work on the internal and external boundaries, they both release chemicals
The job of the immune system is to keep “foreign” invaders out of the body, or if one gets in, to seek it out and kill it. These foreign invaders are called pathogens, which are tiny organisms that can cause an infection in the body. Pathogens can be bacteria, parasites, and fungi (http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/immuneSystem/pages/whatisimmunesystem.aspx).
The immune system acts as a defense system against unwanted microbes and pathogens in a healthy human being. It prevents them from entering the body, or if they have already entered the body, it stops them from doing harm to the body. The three main tasks of the immune system are neutralizing pathogens that have entered the body and then remove them, recognizing and removing harmful substances from the body, and fighting against its body’s cells that have been altered due to an illness (PubMed Health).
The innate immune system is given to you at birth and always has microbes ready to fight (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). This system is very fast to detect and attempt to eliminate any invading cells. It reacts by triggering Toll-like receptors (TLRs) who then fasten to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). The first line of defense in the innate immune system contains the skin and mucous membranes, along with normal microbiota (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). The second line of defense of the “early-warning” system consists of natural killer cells, phagocytes, eosinophils, dendritic cells, macrophages, inflammation, fever, and antimicrobial substances (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). Although a powerful system, it cannot take
“On Immunity”, the book by Eula Biss is a very informative for people who want to learn more on vaccine. Writer expresses her feelings and fears of the vaccine and the immunity that her child will be getting after the birth. The book, “On Immunity” is not just about vaccination, but our relationship between our body, community, government, and the big Pharmaceutical companies. In this book, Eula herself being a new mother has researched, studied immunology, and explained that vaccines are safe and effective to children against many diseases. In her book, she clearly mentioned her research on the two different thoughts of the people about the vaccine, relationship with big Pharma, the cultural myths of vaccine, and provided us more evidence-based
Our body consists of 90% of bacteria. That means that for every cell that we have in our body, we have 9 bacterial cells living along with it. Granted that most of the bacteria live inside the intestinal tract, but without a proper immune system keeping the digestive system in check, we would not be properly digesting food or have healthy bodies.
Immunizations have saved millions of lives over the last hundred years. Currently vaccination rates are at their highest in the United States. Most vaccinations are given during infancy through adolescents. Infants especially are more susceptible to infectious diseases; this being the reason it is so important to guard via immunization. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention immunizations help prevent disease from spreading and protect infants and toddlers against threatening difficulties of diseases such as polio and measles.(2004) Data compiled by the National Vaccine Information Center (NVIC) states that children today now receive as many as 49 doses of 14 vaccines before they reach age six, this is about 12 times higher than the number of vaccines administered to children back in 1940. (Huff, 2013) Immunizations were developed to eradicate diseases such as polio and measles. There is no longer polio and measles in the United States, so why are our children still being immunized against them? Are all these immunizations still necessary? Although there is understanding in why certain immunizations are essential there are many vaccines that can cause harm to us, especially infants and children. Vaccines have been shown to cause autoimmune diseases and other serious reactions, suppress the immune system and contain toxic ingredients bringing about neurodevelopment diseases.
Antibodies are chemicals produced by B cells, they circulate in the blood that attacks disease and causes organisms, T cells attack organisms head on, and these cells can memorize earlier infections and therefore can act fast to avoid further attacks. The defence of the immune system helps to provide protection against infectious disease as well as some malfunctions of the internal body. If the infectious organism splits the skin or maybe one that is not killed off by chemicals, for example the enzymes found in tears or the saliva, the immune and inflammatory response come into action. Some of the signs of fighti... ... middle of paper ... ...
Inflammation which is part of the innate immune system is a process by which the body reacts to injury protecting it from infection and foreign substances with the help of the body’s white blood cells “Inflammation can be defined as the body’s local vascular and cellular response to injury caused by factors that invade and injure the body from the outside (exogenous factors) or factors within the body that result in cellular or tissue injury (endogenous) factors” (Battle, 2009, P 238). Factors such as bacteria, viruses, burns, frostbite, chemical irritants, immune reactions and physical injury are examples of factors that can cause inflammation through different mechanisms. It is a protective mechanism with rapid response that neutralizes or destroys agents that causes injury and creates a barrier that limit the injury and prevents its spread to normal tissues (Battle, 2009). Also, it has elements that removes debris and heals the wound generated by the injury. It can be divided into acute and chronic inflammation.
When something foreign is produced into the body, our immune system automatically goes into overdrive. “Is this something I’ve encountered before or is this a new invader?” Our body must distinguish between the two. This is known as either a primary or secondary immune response. If this is initial contact with the foreign antigen, it is known as a primary immune response. Over a period of several days, the body begins to produce an adequate amount of antibody against the invading antigen. This is a non-specific line of defense because it is the first instance of contact with the antigen. The bone marrow produces T lymphs and B lymphs that play an important role in this primary immune response. T lymphs travel to the thymus while B lymphs
The immune system is a fascinating structure it defends the body against foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses and parasites. There are two primary forms that make up the immune system they are, innate and adaptive systems. Both the innate and adaptive system plays a large role in the immune system. The innate is the primary system to defend against foreign materials and the adaptive is the secondary system that responds to specific issues.
We are always hearing on the news and in newspapers about children catching diseases and often dying from them. Why is this happening when all of these diseases are easily preventable by simply being immunised, why aren’t parents getting their children Immunised, is it for religious beliefs or just carelessness. What ever their reason may be is it really good enough, because why would anyone rather let their child be able to catch and spread a deadly disease then have them Immunised, so Immunisation should be made compulsory for all children.
The innate immune system has three components : physical, cellular and humoral (figure 1) (Beutler, 2004).
To humans, having a healthy immune system is essential. Our immune system is important because it helps the body fight any foreign bacteria, viruses, and diseases by attacking it, which is why we must take care of it as much as possible by strengthening it. But this so called defense system can also cause problems such as attacking donated organs or blood from another individual, unless the organs or blood are carefully matched. It may also overreact to harmless invaders such as pollen grains, which can cause hayfever, and even in certain cases, the immune system may turn against the body's own cells. The immune system uses different types of white blood cells. Some of these cells which are called macrophages, are constantly patrolling the body to destroy any germs as they enter. In the case of an infection taking hold, one’s body will begin to fight back with a much powerful defense of T and B-cells. These cells give people acquired immunity in order to prevent the same germ form making them ill again. Unfortunately with today’s environmental issues people are dealing with several health problems, especially in their immune system. Air pollution, which is one of the major environmental issues, can cause several health risks. Exposure to air pollutants can have a high possibility of resulting in long term effects on people as well as shutting down the immune system. Therefore, the pollution in the air can affect the immune system by weakening it and making it much more vulnerable to foreign invaders, illnesses, harmful bacteria, and viruses.