The Nobel Prizes were established when Alfred Nobel signed his last will and testament on 27 November 1895, this gave the largest share of his fortune to create a series of prizes for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Peace. The Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) established The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in 1968, the prize in memory of Alfred Nobel. The most common fields for Chemistry Laureates it is biochemistry. “The word "Laureate" refers to being signified by the laurel wreath. In Greek mythology, the god Apollo is represented wearing a laurel wreath on his head. A laureal wreath is a circular crown made of branches and leaves of the bay laurel (In latin: Laurus nobilis). In Ancient Greece, laurel wreaths were awarded to victors as a sign of honour - both in athletic competitions and in poetic meets.”(nobelprize.org)
In 2013 three U.S. based professors; 83 year old Martin Karplus of Harvard University, 66 year old Michael Levitt Stanford University and 72 year old Arieh Warshel of the University of Southern California became Laureates. They were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for “the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems”. During the 1970s, they began collaborating to lay the foundation for computer modeling programs that can be used to better understand and predict chemical processes.
A lot has changed from the days when chemists used to create models of molecules using plastic balls and sticks. During the 1960s, as computers were being developed they were large and filled a room. The computer programs were very limited, because the data had to be stuffed into small slices of memory. Dr. Warshel was a doctoral student at the Weizmann Institute...
... middle of paper ...
...ct on a sub-atomic level.
References
1. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (2013). Development of Multiscale Models For Complex Chemical Systems. Retrieved from URL: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2013/advanced-chemistryprize2013.pdf
2. Chang, Kenneth (2013). Without Test Tubes, 3 Win Nobel in Chemistry.
Retrieved from URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/10/science/three-researchers-win-nobel-prize-in-chemistry.html?_r=1&
3. Associated Press (2013). Karplus, Levitt, Warshel win 2013 Nobel prize for chemistry. Retrieved from URL: http://www.foxnews.com/science/2013/10/09/karplus-levitt-warshel-win-2013-nobel-prize-for-chemistry/
4. Nobel Foundation. "2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry: Multiscale models for complex chemical systems." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 9 October 2013.
URL: www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/10/131009082142.htm
Felder, M. Richard, Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, 3rd ed.; Wiley: New Jersey, 2000; p 631.
William Shockley was born on February 13, 1910 in London, England. He is most famously noted for winning the Nobel Prize in physics in 1956. He won this for being the co-inventor of the transistor with John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain. Shockley’s parents were both Americans. His father, William Hillman Shockley, was a mining engineer born in Massachusetts. His mother, Mary Bradford, was a federal deputy surveyor of mineral lands. They returned to America when William was just a baby. They both were very encouraging for his love and passion for science, as well as his neighbor who was a professor of physics at Stanford. He got his B. Sc. Degree at the California Institute of Technology in 1932. Four years later he got his PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He wrote his doctoral thesis on the energy band structure of sodium chloride. The title of this thesis was “Calculation of Electron Wave Functions in Sodium Chloride Crystals.”
...nto the new world of medicine. The basic function of a cell has gained a new function which can provide a pathway of exploring ideas and concepts relating to the mutation of cells. If we are able to determine the specific time and place a cell is transported then, we can surely mutate the cell to prevent the spread of terminal diseases. The Nobel Prize winners truly deserve this prestigious award. After decades of intensive, tedious and tiresome studying they were able to uncover a mystery of the human body which now opens many doors to new studies that would be beneficial to society.
Huis in ‘t Veld. E., Vingerhoets. E., & Denollet. J. (2011). Journal of Elsevier. 1099-1103.
...gories including physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, peace, and economics. The Prize is awarded to those who have made valuable contributions to the “good of humanity.”
In Pauling’s own words he was “…a physicist with an interest in chemistry. [His] scientific work, however, has not been restricted to chemistry and physics, but has extended over X-ray crystallography, mineralogy, biochemistry, nuclear science, genetics, and molecular biology; also nutrition and various aspects of research in medicine, such as serology, immunology, and psychiatry” (Marinacci Ed., 1995, p. 26). Pauling received two Nobel Prizes acknowledging his contributions, one in Chemistry in 1954 and one for Peace in 1962.
Sootin, Harry, and Gustav Schrotter.Robert Boyle : founder of modern chemistry. New York: F. Watts, 1962. Print.
Smith, Roland. Conquering Chemsitry: HSC course. 4th ed. Vol. 1. N/A: Cengage Learning Australia, 2010. 74-90. 1 vols. Print.
Ever since I began studying science and mathematics at all levels of educations I have always had an interest in the production of useful materials. In the growing turmoil of today; a world full of global warming and diminishing resources, questions often arise in my mind such as, "can we make a more efficient, more durable and a renewable resource that will overshadow fossil fuels? and have less of an impact on our environment?" Up to now, I have not found a solution to these questions and answering these questions is a personal aspiration of mine which I aim to fulfil by achieving a degree in Chemical engineering and eventually I will contribute to the field in my own unique way. The debate surrounding sustainable energy fascinates me, having recently learned from personal research I have understood what an authoritative role chemists and chemical engineers play in the industry at the present time and how, by working as a team, they contribute to an improved future for the whole world. However, one of the main reasons that has single-mindedly driven me this far to want to study chemical engineering is a book I have read, “Beyond the Molecular Frontier: Challenges for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering” While reading this book, I had solidified my understandings of what chemical engineering is all about. Also, one of the main processes mentioned was polymerisation and is something I already study in A-level chemistry, it is something that not only interests me, but is a personal career aspiration of mine. Reading this book gave me a determination to be the person who helps improve the future of the industry and provide an answer to the questions I always ask myself by studying this degree.
23. S. Alwarappan, S. Boyapalle, A. Kumar, C.-Z. Li and S. Mohapatra, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2012, 116, 6556–6559
More than 45 million chemical compounds are known and the number may increase in million every year, without cheminformatics, the access of these huge amounts of information is very difficult.
Poliakoff, M., Fitzpatrick, J. M., Farren, T. R., & Anastas, P. T. (2002). "Green Chemistry: Science and Politics of Change." Science, 297, 807-810.
That same year Marie met Pierre Curie, an aspiring French physicist. A year later Maria Sklodowska became Madame Curie. Marie and Pierre worked as a scientific team, in 1898 their achievements resulted in world importance, in particular the discovery of polonium (which Marie named in honor of Poland) and the discovery of Radium a few months later. The birth of her two daughters, Irene and Eve, in 1897 and 1904 did not interrupt Maria's work. In 1903, Curie became the first woman to win a Nobel Prize for Physics. The award jointly awarded to Curie, her husband Pierre, and Henri Becquerel, was for the discovery of radioactivity. In December 1904 she was appointed chief assistant in the laboratory directed by Pierre Curie.
Plontke, R. (2003, March 13). Chemnitz UT. TU Chemnitz: - Technische Universität Chemnitz. Retrieved April 1, 2014, from http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/en/
The growing relevance of Chemical Engineering in today’s world, from energy & oil industries to pharmaceuticals & biotechnology, and a keen desire for applying this knowledge in interrelated spheres motivates me to pursue a Master’s degree in this field. My interest in science goes back to the time when I was in school. We had a young and enthusiastic teacher who took us on field trips and visits to science fairs and museums. This nascent interest has only burgeoned through my years in school and high school, as I have learnt more about the subject. In the long run, I see myself as a part of a leading research group, either as a faculty member or in the R&D department of an organisation contributing my bit to the field of Chemical Engineering. As a research scientist, I hope to make a difference in this field and learn more through the innovative challenges.