“No Aid, No Violation/YB”
1. In this equating design, the test takers were randomly assigned to take the old and new forms of the test. Kin and Kolen (2010) pointed out that population invariance was used to ensure that the scale was fixed across all test forms. However, the use of the common item non-equivalent groups design would be more appropriate since the non-repeaters and repeaters differ in their abilities. The use of the common or anchor items will indicate the performance of non-repeaters in comparison to the repeaters (Kolen and Brennan, 2004).
2. According to Livingston (2004), unsmoothing equipercentile equating (USEE) is generally used when the sample size is large. Kim & Kolen (2010) indicated that non-repeaters are more able than repeaters; this may create irregularities in the data. Kim and Kolen (2010) pointed out that the unsmoothed method is most appropriate in the study in order to avoid to the influence of the smoothed equipercentile equating method (used to remove irregularities) on population invariance. For example, smoothing could produce lower standard errors than the USEE Kolen and Brennan (2004). As a result, unsmoothing equipercentile equating method was used.
3. The equally-weighted root expected square difference (ewREMSD) was used in the study to give equal weight to all score points and to examine the impact of the subgroups on the test takers success or failure designations. The standardized root squared difference (RSD) was used to determine the equating difference between the subgroup, where the RSD index compares equating functions for the non-repeaters and repeaters to the total groups. The RWSD compared the subgroups by pairing and assigning an index to them and to detect...
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...ed 51.8% (n=2905) of the study, while 42% are from the upper SES (n=2699). Table 1 also shows that 51.9% of the students are females. Racial/ethnic groups were separated into six categories (whites, African Americans, Hispanics, American Indians, Asian or Pacific Islander and other races). Whites encompass 50.7% (n=2844), while African Americans encompass 28% (n=1622). The findings revealed that the principal has a 91.3% high school completion rate and a 6.0% arrest rate for students prior to age 18.
Logistic regression specified that there were several factors which contributed to students’ high school completion and number of arrest prior to age 18. The results are displayed in Tables 3 and 4. Only variables that were significant were included in the analysis. The Hosmer Lemeshow test for completion of high school indicated an acceptable fit for the data
What racial, social, and economic characteristics of the community and school district are relevant to the problem described in the case?
Another school in the same district is located “in a former roller-skating rink” with a “lack of windows” an a scarcity of textbooks and counselors. The ratio of children to counselors is 930 to one. For 1,300 children, of which “90 percent [are] black and Hispanic” and “10 percent are Asian, white, or Middle Eastern”, the school only has 26 computers. Another school in the district, its principal relates, “‘was built to hold one thousand students’” but has “‘1,550.’” This school is also shockingly nonwhite where “’29 percent '” of students are “‘black [and] 70 percent [are]
Tremblay, P., & Morselli, C. (2000). PATTERNS IN CRIMINAL ACHIEVEMENT: WILSON AND ABRAHAMSE REVISITED. Criminology, 38(2), 633-659.
In addition, the data showed high levels of suspensions for different racial groups. White students were coded red the worst coding and they were at a 13%, Black students were coded orange, which is the second to the last coding with 30.3%. Hispanics students were coded orange at a 12.4%. Furthermore, specific groups were also coded like students with disabilities coded red at 25.5% This information is of great importance as it reflects how the school looks on appear as opposed to the impression that might be circulating at the school. Subsequently, working with all special education teachers and addressing the high level of suspensions for students with disabilities is important for Rancho Viejo Middle School. Asking questions of reasons for suspension? Was it a manifestation of the
Do education, economic status and social problems affect incarceration among Juveniles in America? Winters (1997) stated that, "Crime statistics indicate that levels of academic achievement, school attendance and graduation rates play an important r...
Age-equivalent scored also do not represent children who scored extremely high and extremely low on the given test. Age-equivalent scores are not estimated for the extreme scores at either end of the spectrum. Children that fall within these ranges are given a generalized age-equivalent score of below the lowest age derived or above the highest age. This results in inadequate information for all individuals that scores are reflected on these parts of the
Males, M. A., & Brown, E. A. (2013). Teenagers' High Arrest Rates: Features of Young Age or Youth Poverty? Journal of Adolescent Research, 29(1), 3-24.
Norm-referenced standardized tests (NRST) used for different administration over the decades. The NRST classifies individuals. It highlights achievements differences between and among students to develop reliable scores. In school systems NRSTs helps identified students for remedial programs. The U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment (1992), establish a standardized test as one that uses (NAGC - ED Norm- and Criterion-Referenced Testing. (n.d.) (Retrieved from http://www.nagc.org/index.aspx?id=314). Similar procedures for application and scoring in order to ensure that results from different people are comparable (Bond, 2010). NRST compares the performance of students with other students from large groups. Using a standardized test like the NRST will grade students in order from high to low achievers. A valid population must be from the widest range of the student population. Accordingly, the assessment must also report the status of student achievement “broken down by gender, ethnicity, disability, economic disadvantage, English proficiency, and...
Testing has become a major aspect of the American society. In academic settings, tests scores are used in determining if a student will graduate high school, selecting students for admission to college, placing students into special education, and various other reasons. Within the corporate arena, businesses may use testing to select individuals for job placement. In the United States, testing is inescapable, and test results could have an extensive influence on individuals.
E and N scores for forms A and B of the EPI. The Null Hypothesis was
Standardized testing remains to be a major controversial issue for the American society today. Exams are given to students at different levels in their educational career and are supposed to measure their academic knowledge, but are these tests really the best way to evaluate students? There have been numerous alternatives suggested to replace or be used in conjunction with standardized testing.
... tested in the same manner for a specified purpose in order to maintain consistency and validity within results.
Reliability (extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test or on retesting)- Comparing test scores to those of the standardizing group still won't tell us much about the individual unless the test has reliability.
Meyer, G. J., Finn, S. E., Eyde, L. D., Kay, G. G., Moreland, K. L., Dies, R. R., . . . Read, G. M. (2001). Psychological testing and psychological assessment: A review of evidence and issues. American psychologist, 56(2), 128-165. doi:10.1037//OOO3-O66X.56.2.128
The first part of the meeting dealt with honoring the three members of the board with an award from from the PA School Board Association. This award is given for the first eight years on the board and every four years after. Mr.Troutman, Mr. Ridley, and Mr. Vigliotta were the recipients of the award. In class, we discussed that most members of the board are upper class, white males. Looking at this aw...