Background Information
Question 1:
(Produce a table that compares and contrasts the three types of nitrogenous wastes, examples of organisms that produce the waste, their relative toxicity and water requirements for excretion)
Question 2:
(Describe the role the liver has in the production of the nitrogenous waste most commonly produced in humans)
In humans and other vertebrate animals, the major excretory product of ammonia is urea, which means they are classified as uricotelic animals (Rayat, 2009). As the ammonia is toxic to cells it must be excreted from the body. Aquatic creatures are able to expel the ammonia directly into the water, but land-based animals, need another disposal method. Hence the liver converts the ammonia to urea, which is a less toxic compound, which can be safely transported to the kidneys via the blood, where it exits the body in urine. Urea synthesis (the process which means that the synthesised urea is released into the blood and cleared by kidneys in the urine) in the liver is a process which involves five enzymes. Urea is made from ammonia and carbon dioxide.
Question 3:
(Thoroughly explain how water balance is maintained in the human body. Include references to the relevant systems, organs and hormones involved)
When you drink a glass of water, the water gets absorbed into the blood. We know when to drink water because nerve centres deep within the brain are stimulated, resulting in the feeling of thirst. As the body’s requirement for water increases, as does the feeling of thirst. This prompts you to drink the water you need.
Likewise, when the body has a lack of water, the pituitary gland (in the brain) excretes vasopressin (an anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), meaning it causes urine to be sup...
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...t not excrete faeces.
At 12:00 pm, each participant was fed a sandwich incorporating 2 x slices of white bread, 1 tsp of margarine, 30 g of cheese, and 1 x leaf of lettuce.
All participants were able to drink 250mL water every hour, except for the hours between 7:00 am and 10:00 am, where they may only drink their prescribed beverages.
At 6:00 pm, each participant was fed 100g spaghetti with 80g bolognese sauce, sprinkled with cheese.
At 8:00 pm, each participant was weighed.
The difference in weight gain/loss between the coffee drinking and water drinking groups was recorded and studied.
Results
These results show that the water drinkers retained more urine than the coffee drinkers. Put another way, this shows the diuretic actions of caffeine, as the coffee drinkers gained less weight throughout the day, showing that they excreted more fluid due to the caffeine.
Her brain would begin to sense the need for water and she would get dehydrated. Within days of no water, Darlene’s body would have stopped producing urine. Her body would begin to lose water through breathing, sweating and urination. Once urination stopped, mainly sweating is how she is losing water.
Hydrating is very important to your body's ability to function. Your body must intake water as we constantly let off water as said i pg 1 of ‘Strange but True: Drinking Too Much Water Can Kill’ it states “At every moment water escapes the body through sweat, urination, defecation or exhaled breath, among other routes.” As it's been told that water is good for you and needed no one has ever thought of actually being able to overdue it. When you take in water your kidney stores up to a gallon of water so as to keep you hydrated. In the article mentioned previously it also states in pg 10, “every hour a healthy kidney at rest can excrete 800 to 1,000 milliliters … therefore a person can drink up to 800 to 1,000 milliliters per hour without experiencing a net gain in water”. Therefore your body is built
2. Describe the mechanism by which a) mammals and b) fish remove ammonia from their bodies.
The human body is estimated to be about 60 to 70 percent water. Blood, as well as your muscles, lungs, and brain all contain a high percentage of water. Water is extremely important and essential to our health (Kaushik, Mullee, Bryant, Hill, 2007). Dehydration is one of the most common side effects of not consuming enough w...
During digestion, the body breaks down food into smaller molecules that could then be used by the body’s cells and tissues in order to perform functions. This starts off in the mouth with the physical movements of chewing and the chemical breakdown by saliva. Enzymes in the stomach break food down further after traveling from the mouth through the esophagus. The food from here then moves into the small intestine, where pancreatic juices and enzymes dissolve proteins, carbohydrates, and fibers, and bile from the liver breaks down fats into these small molecules. Any portion of the fibers or food that were unable to be broken down are passed from the small intestine to the large intestine, which is where the digestive tract transitions into the excretory tract, then the colon and out of the rectum. Any liquids that have been stripped of their nutrients by the body proceed from the stomach to the kidneys. In the kidneys, sodium ions (Na+), uric acid, and urea are exchanged with water, which moves urinary bladder and is excreted through the
Research conducted by the School of Psychology, University of Wales College of Cardiff, UK stated in the their research Effects of breakfast and caffeine on performance and mood in the late morning and after lunch, that the participants in the study had a better recognition memory and logical reasoning, as well as positive attitude change after they ate breakfast. It was also interesting to see that the addition of coffee in their diet also boosted their energy and that the caffeine improved their performance on a sustained attention task, the logical reasoning task and semantic memory task. Subjects given caffeine also reported having more alertness and
The idea that coffee stunts growth is a myth; hereditary determines a person 's height, and coffee provided benefits for an individual 's health. Although adding coffee addictions such as sugar and creamer detracts from coffees commendable health effects would not be beneficial. This brown, liquid, hot fresh beverage has proven through various studies and experiments, why individuals must drink coffee everyday. As stated before, over half of all Americans drink coffee everyday, with the population’s height growing every year. Perhaps, as years progress the height will keep getting towering, making the myth
§ This allows more water to be reabsorbed from the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct into the region of high solute concentration in the medulla. § This produces a smaller volume of more concentrated urine. If the blood has a high water potential (less concentrated), it is detected and less ADH is secreted by the pituitary. This decrease in the amount of ADH in the bloodstream result in the following: § The distil convoluted tubule and the collecting duct becomes less permeable to water. § Less water is reabsorbed into the medulla.
Heavy consumption of boiled coffee elevates blood total and LDL cholesterol levels. Unfiltered coffee is a significant source of cafestol and kahweol, which are diterpenes responsible for cholesterol-raising effects of coffee. Diterpenes are extracted by hot water but are retained by a paper filter. This explains why filtered coffee does not affect cholesterol, whereas Scandinavian boiled, cafetiere, and Turkish coffees do.
Coffee and tea are the most consumed beverages to start the day. Coffee and tea can be made as either a hot or cold beverages. Each of them originates from a form of plant. Coffee comes from the coffee bean. It is then roasted and eventually sent out for consumers across the world to purchase at their pleasure. Tea leaves are gathered and dried and are either packaged in individual bags or are sent out as dried fruit and leaves to be used in a tea infuser. Many people choose to drink either coffee or tea as a personal preference. Now the question becomes, who is actually benefitting from their consumption? While the average coffee lover drinks 23 gallons of coffee every year, a tea enthusiast would generally drink 10.3 gallons a year. With this amount being consumed each year, what effect does it have on the human body?
Drinking more water will keep people healthy and energized, by just drinking a cup a day.
It is then secreted within the small intestine where it helps to break down ethanol, fats and other acidic wastes including ammonia, into harmless substances.
Coffee people drink coffee with a purpose, they need the caffeine to make them more alert and increase their productivity. On the other hand, tea drinkers usually drink tea because of the enjoyment that tea give them, the relaxations that tea provide. It is typical to imagine that a person holding a cup of coffee is working over night at an office and a tea person is often reading newspaper at Sunday afternoon. Unlike tea drinkers, coffee drinkers are more attached to their drink compared to tea drinkers. A coffee drinker must have his coffee fix every single morning otherwise he or she cannot function without it. However, a tea drinker can easily live without drinking tea for even a few days. Even though they both have caffeine inside their drink, coffee drinkers seem to be more addicted to caffeine and as time goes, they will become more dependent on
Although juices, milk and beverages increase fluid intake but plain water is the best source. Most beverages contain some sugar, natural or added, this will have an effect on our body weight. But plain water does not contain anything t...