Ninhydrin test is performed to detect the presence of free α-amino group (-NH2) which presents in all amino acids, proteins or peptides. It is an endothermic process involving redox reaction. Ninhydrin is a powerful oxidizing agent which also known as triketohydrindene hydrate. First, an oxidative deamination reaction occurs as the α-amino acid reacts with ninhydrin. Two hydrogens from the α-amino acid are elicited to produce an alpha-imino acid. On the same time, the ninhydrin itself undergoes reduction by losing an oxygen atom to form reduced ninhydrin, hydrindantin. Next, hydrolysis reaction happens. The amine group in the alpha-imino acid reacts with the water molecule to form an alpha-keto acid with an ammonia molecule. The alpha-keto acid then undergoes decarboxylation to form an aldehyde with a carboxyl group (CO2). The net result includes hydrindantin, aldehyde, ammonia, and CO2. The hydrindantin and ammonia produced are responsible for the colour formation. The process is continuing as ninhydrin condenses with ammonia and hydrindantin to produce an intensely blue or purple pigment, Ruhemann's purple. This reaction provides an extremely sensitive test for amino acids. Ninhydrin which is originally yellow reacts with amino acid and turns deep purple. The colour intensity produced is directly proportional to the amino acid
The purpose of the Unknown White Compound Lab was to identify the unknown compound by performing several experiments. Conducting a solubility test, flame test, pH paper test, ion test, pH probe test, conductivity probe test, and synthesizing the compound will accurately identified the unknown compound. In order to narrow down the possible compounds, the solubility test was used to determine that the compound was soluble in water. Next, the flame test was used to compare the unknown compound to other known compounds such as potassium chloride, sodium chloride, and calcium carbonate. The flame test concluded that the cation in the unknown compound was potassium. Following, pH paper was used to determine the compound to be neutral and slightly
2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol. The molecular weight of this compound is 146.2g/mol. It is converted into 2-ethyl-1-hydroxyhexan-3-one. This compounds molecular weight is 144.2g/mol. This gives a theoretical yield of .63 grams. My actual yield was .42 grams. Therefore, my percent yield was 67%. This was one of my highest yields yet. I felt that this was a good yield because part of this experiment is an equilibrium reaction. Hypochlorite must be used in excess to push the reaction to the right. Also, there were better ways to do this experiment where higher yields could have been produced. For example PCC could have been used. However, because of its toxic properties, its use is restricted. The purpose of this experiment was to determine which of the 3 compounds was formed from the starting material. The third compound was the oxidation of both alcohols. This could not have been my product because of the results of my IR. I had a broad large absorption is the range of 3200 to 3500 wavenumbers. This indicates the presence of an alcohol. If my compound had been fully oxidized then there would be no such alcohol present. Also, because of my IR, I know that my compound was one of the other 2 compounds because of the strong sharp absorption at 1705 wavenumbers. This indicates the presence of a carbonyl. Also, my 2,4-DNP test was positive. Therefore I had to prove which of the two compounds my final product was. The first was the oxidation of the primary alcohol, forming an aldehyde and a secondary alcohol. This could not have been my product because the Tollen’s test. My test was negative indicating no such aldehyde. Also, the textbook states that aldehydes show 2 characteristic absorption’s in the range of 2720-2820 wavenumbers. No such absorption’s were present in my sample. Therefore my final product was the oxidation of the secondary alcohol. My final product had a primary alcohol and a secondary ketone
To test for protein, drops of biuret reagent and drops of each food were mixed in a test tube. If the mixture changed to a purple/pink/blue color, it indicated that the food contains protein. To test for starch, drops of iodine are mixed with
The physical characteristic for this reaction is that the colour changes from purple to colourless.
After five the test tube was removed and cooled to room temperature. Three more test tubes were obtained and labeled 1, 2, and 3. The correct reagent was added to each test tube as seen. The spectrophotometer was adjusted
Due to the nature of amino acids, a titration curve can be employed to identify
This experiment synthesized luminol (5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione) and used the product to observe how chemiluminescence would work. The starting material was 5-nitro-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione, which was, after addition of reaction agents, refluxed and vacuum filtered to retrieve luminol. Using two stock solutions, we missed our precipitated luminol with sodium hydroxide, potassium ferricyanide, and hydrogen peroxide, in their respective solutions, in a dark room, to observe the blue light
The system involved in this lab was L-dopa as a substrate, enzyme was Tyrosinase, and the product was Dopachrome. Tyrosinase is commonly known as polyphenol oxidase, an enzyme that present in plant and animal cell (#1 Boyer). In plant cell, the biological function if Tyrosinase is unknown, but its presence is readily apparent. Tyrosinase is also involved in the browning of fruits, tubers, and fungi that have been damaged. In mammalian cell, Tyrosinase is involved in melanin synthesis, which gives skin its color. It will act on the substrate L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-Dopa) and convert to Dopachrome, which is the product that has color, and it can measure at 475nm using the Spectrophotometer. This work based on the Beer-Lambert’s Law (A=εlc), A stands for Absorbance, ε is extinction coefficient or the molar absorptivity (M-1 cm-1), and l is the path length (distance) that light passes through the sample (cm), c is a concentration of solution (M) (#3 Ninfa, Ballou, Benore). Beer- Lambert Law predicts a linear relationship between absorbance and the concentration of a chemical species being analyzed. It states that the absorbance (A) of a sample solution is directly proportional to the concentration (c) of the absorbing colored
Conversely, make the ammonia forms slowly within the solution through the reaction of hydrolysis of urea: (H2N)2C =O + H2O arrow 2NH3 + CO2 Urea is a suitable compound in this reaction because it can decomposed easily to form ammonia. During the experiment, the solution was heated after urea has been added in, this is to increase the degree of hydrolysis of urea and therefore increase the formation of ammonia.
Product 3 was isolated in a low yield of 27% and with some solvent impurities as shown by the analytical techniques but it was indeed synthesised successfully.
Ammonia has the ability to alter hair colour without washing out after only a few shampoos. Ammonia also allows the colour to easily enter the cortex by raising the pH of the hair sufficiently so as to open the cuticle and allow the colour to enter the cortex of the hair. In addition, ammonia neutralizes the existing pigments to a greater degree, which happens when ammonia is mixed with peroxide.
Enzymes in the body usually breaks down the amino acid Arginine in order to produce this gas. Nitric oxide is a molecule consisting of one atom of nitrogen and one atom of oxygen, You will realize that the production of nitric oxide normally occurs when the amino acid L –arginine is converted into L-citruline through an enzyme group known as Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS).Everybody requires this gas in order to carry out physiological processes within the body. Nitric oxide supplementation may prove useful in increasing growth due to increased blood flow to certain areas of the
Drug is a chemical which alters the processes in the organism, which is used in the medicine for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the diseases (Farlex, 2011). Drug discovery is a long term process that needs money investment. The process of drug investigation takes approximately from 9 to 15 years during which the number of chemicals that can become drug is reduced from 10,000 to 1-2 (Saparov, 2011). Even after manufacturing the drug is studied by scientists for modifying its structure, delivery and effects on the organism. Drug discovery consists of several stages which help to examine its effectiveness and side effects.
40 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid was slowly added to 2.0g of m-nitroacetophenone and 4.0g granular tin. There were bubbles and foaming so the addition was done 2 mL at a time with a disposable plastic pipette. The solution was stirred with a magnetic stir bar on a stir plate set to medium intensity. After all the hydrochloric acid was added, the solution was heated and stirred on the hot plate for 30 minutes. The solution required a full 30 minutes because the tin needed to dissolve. The reaction mixture was cooled in an ice bath for 10 minutes and then 1 mL of 10M sodium hydroxide was added at a time until the pH was basic. In total, 15 mL of sodium hydroxide was added until the pH was about 10. A piece of pH paper was inserted into
Tollen's reagent (Ammoniacal AgNO3) 4. Benedict's solution 5. Iodine solution 6. Chloroform (CHCl3) 7.