Nijmegen is a really interesting war zone. Did you know that Nijmegen was also spelled Nimwegen? But the peace of treaties of 1678-79 was a hard time for Nijmegen. Because France opposed with Spain and Dutch Republicans (now the Netherlands). France gained advantages by setting up terms with each enemy separately. Negotiations had began in 1676. First treaty between France and Dutch Republicans and they were not concluded until August 10,1678. In the second treaty they concluded between France and Spain on September 17,1678. Spain was forced to make major concessions saying that the power had declined since the Peace of Westphalia in 1678. Spain gave up Franche-Comte Artois and 16 towns in Flanders to France . France returned some of the Spanish Netherlands to Spain to round out the formerly arbit navy frontier line there. The Franche-Comte finally in France gives Spain loses the “corridor” between Milan and the Spanish Netherlands. The Holy Roman emperor Leopold they finally accepted french terms on February 5, 1679. Two other treaties between France and Brandenburg and between France and Denmark and Brandenburg and Denmark restored to France. A british officer Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery also served in WW1. In WW2 he commended the eighth Army in the battle of El Alamein during the campaign of western Desert also commanded them in Italy plus in Sicily. He was forces during Normandy Landings. The Supreme commander of the Allied forces was U.S General Eisenhower who became the 34th U.S president. After the campaigns Montgomery was given the command of 21st Army group for the rest of WW1 campaign in Northwest Europe. Eisenhower was convinced by Montgomery to use the strategy of a single forceful assault to the German district ... ... middle of paper ... ...01st u.s Airborne Divisions and England's first daylight drop into Nijmegen Holland. The Airborne Allied troops were to walk roads, bridges, and to command Arnhem cutting Holland in half clearing a way for british Army's all the way to Germany.But the 2nd battle of the 505th and tanks from XXX corps attack south of Nijmegen and the railroad bridges at the same time the German Army was released to start bombing Nijmegen. Also on September 20th in order to support the 505th attack and secure the bridge at Nijmegen Major Julian Cook was ordered to cross the Waal River in daylight with his third battalion performed by death feat of securing the north side of the bridges. On November 11th the 82nd was fixed by Canadian troops after the 56 days of war. The division moved to camps near Reims ,France along with other Airborne units. Then that’s is when the wars ended.
The prelude to the Battle of the Bulge began on a winter day in mid-December of 1944. Three powerful German divisions, were the last German offensives in the west at that time during World War II. They began after the Normandy invasion in June 1944. Allied had forces swept rapidly through France but became stalled along the German border earlier that year in September. On December 16, 1944 taking advantage of the weather, which kept the Allied aircraft on the ground, the Germans launched a counteroffensive through the semi-mountainous and heavily-forested Ardennes region in Germany, and advanced 31 miles into Belgium and northern Luxembourg near the Meuse River. Their goal was to trap four allied armies, divide the Americans and the British to force negotiated peace along the western front, and retake the vital seaport of Antwerp in Belgium. Thinking the Ardennes was the least likely spot for a German offensive, American staff commander chose to keep the thin line, so that manpower might concentrate on offensives north and south of the Ardennes known as the "bulge" in the Allied lines. These American lines were thinly held by three divisions in the Allied Army and part of a forth division, while fifth division was making a local attack and the sixth division was in reserve. Division sectors were more than double the width of normal defensive fronts, therefore there were more men scattered along a larger area. The German advance was halted near the Meuse River in late December. Even though the German Offensive achieved total surprise, nowhere did the American troops give ground without a fight. Within three days, the determined American stand and the arrival of powerful reinforcements insured that the ambitious German goal was far beyond reach. In snow and sub-freezing temperatures the Germans fell short of their interim objective- to reach the rambling Meuse River on the edge of the Ardennes. But they managed to avoid being cut off by an Allied Pincer movement.
Canadian forces played a vital role in the liberation of Holland. The Canadian soldiers who landed on D-Day fought many battles through France, Belgium, Italy, Germany, and the Scheldt. The Canadians were given orders to advance the German troops occupying the northeast back to the sea and to constrain German troops in the west to recede back into Germany. “No part of Western Europe was liberated at a more vital moment than the Netherlands and the Dutch people cheered Canadian troops as one town after another was freed.” For a numerous amount of months, the citizens of Holland had been starving along side of having their country at stake of flooding depending on if the Germans decided to open the dikes. On April 28, 1945, the Canadians had negotiated a truce, which granted the admittance of relief supplies to enter the western Netherlands and end the Hunger Winter. The Hunger Winter of 1944-45 was a devastating time for the Dutch people. Many people were forced to rely on tulip bulbs, having no alternative, just to try and survive as food supplies were squandered and transportation was non-existent due to the fact that fuel was suppressed. “By 1945, the official daily ration per person in the Netherlands was ...
Eisenhower used risk management at a high level to plan the operation. At the same time, Eisenhower was an empathetic leader who understood the emotional impact this operation could have on soldiers. He visited every division involved in the operation due to his sense of responsibility (Ambrose, 1983). The D-Day invasion is well known for its successes given the almost impossible situation.
War I. Britain and France both attempted to take control of the Ridge which was
The Louisiana Purchase stands as an iconic event today that nearly doubled the size of America, ultimately introducing the United States as a world power. In 1762, during the Seven Years’ War, France ceded its control of the Louisiana Territory to Spain (Britannica). However, when Napoleon Bonaparte assumed control of France in 1799, France rallied as a world power once more. Bonaparte’s interest in the Louisiana Territory spiked, and he pressured Spain’s king, Charles IV to relinquish his control of the land on October 1, 1800. This was known as the Treaty of San Ildefonso (Britannica). In view of the transfer between France and Spain, president Thomas Jefferson sent Robert R. Livingston to Paris in 1801. Jefferson became worried, because
The Battle of Normandy was a turning point in World War II. Canada, America, and Great Britain arrived at the beaches of Normandy and their main objective was to push the Nazi’s out of France. The Invasion at Normandy by the Allied Powers winning this battle lead to the liberation of France and Western Europe. Most importantly Hitler’s was being attacked from both the eastern and western front, and caused him to lose power. If the Allied Powers did not succeed in D-Day Hitler would’ve taken over all of Europe.In a document written by General Dwight Eisenhower he persuades the allied powers to invade Normandy. Dwight Eisenhower was born on October 14, 1890. Eisenhower became the 34th president of the United States. He served as the president from January 20, 1953 through January 20, 1961. Before his presidency Dwight participated in World War I and was moved up to captain. Dwight would then take part in World War II and work his way up to becoming a General.
Eisenhower’s military experience (one of the key reasons for him leading the Allies into Operations Overlord, Torch, and Avalanche) started when he was sent to boot camps around the U.S. to prepare troops for World War I. Eisenhower, despite his wishes, never saw foreign action in World War I, but he did have many stations where he trained. He was assigned to deploy to France, but a week before he was set for departure, the armistice ending World War I was signed. In turn, h...
Early in the operations Alexander’s vague commander’s intent encouraged Patton to develop an independent understanding, different from Alexander’s, to the point that he assumed he would push north, beyond phase line blue, along with Montgomery to protect his flank all the way to Messina. (site) Mission Command crises culminated when General Alexander shifted the boundaries between the 7th and 8th Armies.(site) Alexander made his decision based on lack of trust in the 7th Army and his own clouded commander’s intent and incomplete understanding of the follow-on effects of a quick capture of Messina. His decision denied the Allies an opportunity to execute a quick breakout through the Axis defenses. But more importantly, it motivated General Patton to abandon his disciplined initiative and ignored Alexander’s directive to push north to protect Montgomery’s flank. Instead, he drove to Palermo seeking to reclaim this army’s prestige and later with a secure port of Palermo beat Montgomery to Messina. (site) The Allies’ poor foundation of Mission Command delayed a promising advance and replaced it with a rogue commander this allowed the German General Hube, a very competent combatant, time to concentrate and consolidate his forces to stiffen his defensive positions to delay the Allies until he was able to evacuate the bulk of his forces
The battle of St. Mihiel ended on September 13, 1918 and because of this battle it was shown that the American Army and it’s commanders, were very much capable to handle an operation on their own. The St. Mihiel Salient which had stood for four years was now non-existent. The German front line had been drastically reduced. 15,000 Germans were captured along with 450 weapons. 7,000 Americans lost their lives, but this was deemed acceptable compared to the standards of this war.
Initially the Netherlands attempted to stay neutral during World War II, as it had been in the First World War, however, the Nazis still attacked. The final Nazi-free moments for the Dutch were those on May 10, 1940, the day Hitler invaded the Netherlands...
“The Battle of the Bulge, fought over the winter months of 1944 – 1945, was the last major Nazi offensive against the Allies in World War Two. The battle was a last ditch attempt by Hitler to split the Allies in two in their drive towards Germany and destroy their ability to supply themselves” (Trueman).
It began to emerge the differences in tactics. The question was whether to continue so far the Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Forces Europe, General Eisenhower’s tactics attacking on a broad front, or due to problems of supply to take just one mighty blow. In that period Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery developed a new operation plan, which would include the use of 1st Airborne Army (Lieutenant General Lewis H. Brereton), actually 1st Airborne Corps (Lieutenant General Frederick Browning). The Corps comprised of 82nd US Airborne Division (Brigadier General James M. Gavin), 101st US Airborne Division (Major General Maxwell D. Taylor), and 1st British Airborne Division (Major General Robert “Roy” E. Urquhart) supported with, under his command, 1st Polish Independent Parachute Brigade (Major General Stanislaw Sosabowski). These units should be dropped along the roa...
France controlled this territory from 1699 until 1762, the year it gave the territory to its ally Spain. In 1800, Napoleon Bonaparte took France back from Spain in hopes of building a great empire. However, a series of accidental events caused France to sell the entire territory to the United States, which had originally intended only to seek the purchase of New Orleans and its adjacent lands.
The Treaty of Versailles, one of the most controversial international agreements(“D.1. The Treaty of Versailles."), had been negotiated between January and June of 1919 (History. Staff). Although it was negotiated between January and June, the Treaty of Versailles was officially signed on June 28, 1919 (Hashall) at Versailles, a suburb of Paris (Benson). This treaty involved Germany and all allies of World War I (Benson). The peace agreement was established to aid in the termination of World War I.
“Treaty of Westphalia.” 1648. TS. Lillian Goldman Law Library, New Haven. The Avalon Project - Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy. Web. 17 Nov. 2015.