Nihilsmo, Fin de la Metafisica y Secularizacion en el Pensamiento de Nietzsche, Heidegger y Vattimo

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Nihilsmo, Fin de la Metafisica y Secularizacion en el Pensamiento de Nietzsche, Heidegger y Vattimo

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this article is to articulate Nietzsche's criticism of morality which is centered in his experience of the death of God and the end of the subject of Modernity. Nietzsche considers nihilism as a nihilism of morality, not of metaphysics: it is morality and its history that has given rise to nihilism in the Occident. That is why Nietzsche separates himself from metaphysics as well as from morality and science, which differs from Heidegger's reasons. According to Heidegger, Nietzsche places himself in a primal position in the history of metaphysics, by which he means the consummation (Vollendung) of metaphysics' nihilism, which Heidegger tries to transcend. On the one hand, Heidegger shows us how Nietzsche consummates the Platonic philosophy by inverting its principles. On the other, Nietzsche consummates the metaphysics of subjectivity. Consequently he conceives the thought of the will of power and of the eternal recurrence as the two last forms of the metaphysical categories of essence and existence respectively. On this ground it is possible to understand Nietzsche's and Heidegger's thought as the necessary first stage in the transition to Vattimo's postmodern philosophy and his notion of secularization.

Si bien la discusión en torno al nihilismo se remonta a la época del del idealismo alemán, tal como lo señalara Otto Pöggeler oportunamente, el "nihilismo" es la noción fundamental sobre la que gira la meditación nietzscheana, así como el problema de su superación. (1) La convicción de la magnitud de tal tarea llamada en Ecce homo una "autoreflexión de la humanidad" (Selbstbesinnung), se presenta como un "destino" dentro de la historia de la filosofía occidental. (2)

En noviembre de 1887 escribía Nietzsche: "Lo que cuento, es la historia de los próximos dos siglos. Describo lo que viene, lo que no puede venir de otra manera: la llegada del nihilismo". (3) La llegada del nihilismo es "necesaria" porque: "son nuestros mismos valores habidos hasta ahora, los que conducen a él, porque el nihilismo es la lógica llevada hasta el fin de nuestros más grandes valores e ideales." (4) Por eso, el nihilismo es pensado desde Nietzsche, como nihilismo de la moral principalmente y no como nihilismo de la metafísica, tal como postularía Heidegger posteriormente.

Por el contrario en Nietzsche el centro de la reflexión lo ocupa la moral: "La moral, lo he dicho una vez, fue hasta ahora la Circe de los filósofos.

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