Nibelungenlied and Parzival
Although both the Nibelungenlied and Parzival were composed around the same time (c. 1200), they are vastly different in certain respects—namely concerning the matters of diplomacy, redemption, revenge, and deceit. Some striking similarities do exist among the two texts—concepts of honor (êre), loyalty (triuwe), moderation (mâze) and knightly deeds (âventiure) are valued highly by both societies. However, each notion is accomplished through different measures in each work. In fact, societal values are taken more to the extreme in Nibelungenlied, and deceit is often used to obtain them.
For example, honor manifests itself similarly in each work, but is acted on to a different extent. In both works, honor is clearly a good characteristic to have, and maintaining it is a cornerstone to both societies. Conversely, being shamed in the eyes of society—and thus losing honor—requires retribution. However, in Nibelungenlied, some characters enact any and all means to redeem their lost honor, including unknightly deeds and deceit (such as murdering Siegfried, or Kriemhild's wrath murdering her family), and also have no problem lying in order to gain more honor (the wooing of Brunhilde). In Parzival, however, lost honor can only be met with knightly deeds and repentance to God, and gained honor can only be a product of knightly deeds. In the world of the Nibelungs, repentance to God does not even enter into the equation, as there is no concept of forgiveness interwoven into the story. For example, Kriemhild cannot forgive her brothers for murdering Siegfried—and perhaps rightly so, since they show no signs of remorse, and do not put themselves at God's mercy. Every earthly sin enacted must be...
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... to an extreme. To regain lost honor, inordinate measures are taken to rectify it. And even loyalty—whose different breeds (loyalty to vassal, to guest, to spouse) seem to clash at every possible occasion—can be viewed as a bit over the top.
It is often speculated that the author of the Nibelunglied wrote about brutal, harsh reality as it actually was, hate and revenge interwoven, while Eschenbach wrote about his ideal of what society should be—a veritable utopia drawing upon a chivalric age which had ended some years past. However, the Nibelungenlied lacks moderation in nearly all regards, and for that reason the work is distanced from modern society (and perhaps medieval society), which tends towards a middle ground, more so than the world portrayed in Parzival.
Works Cited
Eschenbach, Wolfram von. Parzival. Trans. A.T. Hatto. New York: Penguin, 1980.
believed to be less of a person during the Middle Ages. If you were to loose your honor,
Klumas, Amy L., and Thomas Marchant. “Images of Men in Popular Sitcoms”. Journal of Men’s Studies 2.3 (1994): 269. ProQuest. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.
Works Cited: http://members.ll.net/ken/hunter3.html Ozment, Steven. The Burgermeister's Daughter: Scandal in a Sixteenth –Century German Town. New York: Harper Perennial, 1996. Print.
Throughout the works of famous pieces of literature such as Dante Alighieri’s Inferno and William Shakespeare’s King Lear, the common theme of justice is prevalent throughout the works. Often resulting in physical pain, the concept of justice throughout these two works of literature reinforces the brute and cruel perspective that Dante and King Lear experience firsthand. The subsequent death of King Lear after Cordelia demonstrates the ultimate guilt in which King Lear experienced due to his arrogant and ignorant perception of the amount of love that Cordelia feels towards her father. Dante’s journey through the afterlife conveys the illumination of his transformation from a sinner who lost his path, to a spiritually righteous man.
Throughout literary history authors have created and restored figures from all times that seem to represent what is honorable and chivalrous. The two literary legends compared in this paper are Beowulf and Parzival. These two figures in their own way find within them what is virtuous.
There has been considerable debate worldwide, regarding the accuracy of eyewitness testimony in the criminal justice system. Particularly, arguments have surrounded wrongful convictions that have resulted from incorrect eyewitness evidence (Areh, 2011; Howitt, 2012; Nelson, Laney, Bowman-Fowler, Knowles, Davis & Loftus, 2011). The purpose of this essay is to consider psychological research about the accuracy of eyewitness testimony and its placement in the criminal justice system. Firstly, this essay will define how eyewitnesses and their testimonies are used within the criminal justice system and the current debate surrounding its usage. Secondly, the impact of post-identification feedback will be used to show the affect on the confidence of a witness. Thirdly, studies around gender related differences will show how a witnesses gender can affect memory recall and accuracy. Fourthly, empirical studies will be used to highlight how a psychological experience called change blindness can cause mistakes in eyewitness identification. Finally, the effect of cross-examination will be used to explore the impact on eyewitness accuracy. It will be argued, that eyewitness testimony is not accurate and highly subjective, therefore, the criminal justice system must reduce the impact that eyewitness testimony is allowed to have. Developing better policies and procedures to avoid wrongful convictions by misled judges and jury members can do this.
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...d on eyewitness error. Although the amount of error in eyewitness memory is currently being debated, the fact that there is error at all should be taken more seriously by the justice system.
There is barely any counter evidence published which might be due to the effects not being published or simply there was no counter evidence found. We can also say that the given research seems reliable although most studies were in experiments and not in real life situations. Furthermore, other biases (e.g. gender bias, prejudice bias, emotional bias) have not been taken into account in this essay. However, despite all possibilities of how eyewitness testimony can be distorted, we can conclude that eyewitness testimony is a crucial part of the legal system and can be viewed as
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An individual’s culture and belief may significantly impact the type of services they require. In addition, it may affect the time, place, and method in the delivery of health care
the Duchess's kindness toward others. Her benevolence "disgusts" the Duke, and causes him to "stoop" down to spouting off "commands" in her direction.
There is now strong evidence pointing towards the existence of dark matter in the universe, derived from a variety of precision measurements; it is now believed that the universe is made up of roughly 5% baryonic matter, 25% dark matter and 70% dark energy (Ade, et al., 2013). Evidence exists to suggest that the dark matter cannot be made up of normal baryonic matter (Weiss, 2006) (Raine & Thomas, 2001) and it is in the investigation of the non-baryonic components that cosmology turns to particle physics. The study of elementary particle physics can provide clues as to what this non-baryonic matter could be made up of, with current possibilities being: neutrinos with mass, weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), axions and magnetic monopoles. These are all primeval and interact weakly with baryonic matter. I will now discuss each of these.
Honor plays an important role in family relationships. For example, it was very important in