Neutralisation Reaction
Apparatus: The apparatus that I will be using in this experiment will
be:
* A Burette
* A Clamp and Stand
* 2x 50ml Beakers
* A Conical Flask
* A Measuring Cylinder
* A Thermometer
* Universal Indicator
* 25ml Hydrochloric Acid
* 25ml Sodium Hydroxide
Method/Plan of the experiment:
First of all, I will set up the apparatus as the diagram shows:
Then, I will measure out the acid and alkali using the measuring
cylinder. Once I have done that, I will pour the 25ml of Hydrochloric
Acid in to the conical flask. I will also pour the 25ml of Sodium
Hydroxide into the burette, and adding 1cm cubed of alkali at a time
into the conical flask, I will record the temperature of the solution
made by the two substances. By now, I will have also put the Universal
Indicator into the conical flask, and I will stop the experiment when
the solution is neutral, which should be when the alkali in the
burette runs out.
Predictions:
I think that as the two solutions are added together, they will cause
the temperature of their solution to rise as the neutralisation takes
place. This is because when energy in the form of heat is given out of
a reaction it is an exothermic reaction. Exothermic reactions usually
need activation energy, the energy to break the bonds in the chemicals
and to start the reaction. Once the bonds are broken new stronger
bonds are formed. In an exothermic reaction energy in the form of heat
is given out to the surrounding when the products are formed.
Therefore there is an average rise in temperature. These stronger,
bigger bonds are hot, and therefore cause the temperature of the
solution to rise.
Observations/Results:
Volume of Sodium Hydroxide added*
Temperature of Solution**
Volume of Sodium Hydroxide added*
2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol. The molecular weight of this compound is 146.2g/mol. It is converted into 2-ethyl-1-hydroxyhexan-3-one. This compounds molecular weight is 144.2g/mol. This gives a theoretical yield of .63 grams. My actual yield was .42 grams. Therefore, my percent yield was 67%. This was one of my highest yields yet. I felt that this was a good yield because part of this experiment is an equilibrium reaction. Hypochlorite must be used in excess to push the reaction to the right. Also, there were better ways to do this experiment where higher yields could have been produced. For example PCC could have been used. However, because of its toxic properties, its use is restricted. The purpose of this experiment was to determine which of the 3 compounds was formed from the starting material. The third compound was the oxidation of both alcohols. This could not have been my product because of the results of my IR. I had a broad large absorption is the range of 3200 to 3500 wavenumbers. This indicates the presence of an alcohol. If my compound had been fully oxidized then there would be no such alcohol present. Also, because of my IR, I know that my compound was one of the other 2 compounds because of the strong sharp absorption at 1705 wavenumbers. This indicates the presence of a carbonyl. Also, my 2,4-DNP test was positive. Therefore I had to prove which of the two compounds my final product was. The first was the oxidation of the primary alcohol, forming an aldehyde and a secondary alcohol. This could not have been my product because the Tollen’s test. My test was negative indicating no such aldehyde. Also, the textbook states that aldehydes show 2 characteristic absorption’s in the range of 2720-2820 wavenumbers. No such absorption’s were present in my sample. Therefore my final product was the oxidation of the secondary alcohol. My final product had a primary alcohol and a secondary ketone
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place. This is where we come to grips with our lives, relax, and reflect. This
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sun as a principle of heat and light for the earth is a symbol of the
In my experiment I am trying to find out how much acid it takes to
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· When I have collected my results I will place them in a table like
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things in the spiritual and intellectual realm. The highest point in the physical realm is the sun, and the