Introduction
Neisseria meningitidis (the meningococcus) is a Gram-negative bacterium which normally resides as a harmless commensal in the human nasopharyngeal mucosa [1] . The encapsulated bacterium is capable of causing serious blood and brain infections, and it is a major cause of epidemic sepsis and meningitis [2]. The bacterium is now classified into 13 serogroups, which are based on the chemical composition of the polysaccharide capsule. Only six serogroups (A, B, C, W, X and Y) are responsible for the life threatening diseases [3]. There is a higher incidence of meningococcal disease in infants and children aged <4 years. The disease can rapidly progress from bacteremia to life-threatening septic shock syndrome or septicaemia [4]. Once the pathogen enters the host, it takes around 1-14 days for the disease to occur [4]. The first step after entering the host is to attach and colonize the mucosal epithelium of the nasopharynx. In most of the cases the meningococcus does not penetrate the mucosal epithelium and the human hosts simply remain carriers, whereas in others, it can cause invasive meningococcal disease [5].
Different virulence factors are responsible for the pathogenesis of meningococcal disease. The bacterium expresses various cell surface and secreted virulence factors which allows it to colonize and infect the host cells. A number of such virulence factors include the autotransporters [3, 6]. Autotransporters which are secreted via type ⋁ secretion system, currently represent the largest protein family in pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. It has three main subtypes; classical autotransporter system (type ⋁a or AT-1), the two – partner secretion
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IgA1 protease, MspA, and App have been placed within the S6-peptidase family in the MEROPS database as they share common ancestry and other features like nature, order and relative positions of their catalytic residues
Venil, C. K., Velmurugan, p. and Lakshmanaperumalsamy, P. 2009. Genomic environment of cue R and cop A genes for prodigiosin biosynthesisby Serratia marcescens SB08. Romanian Biotechnological Letters, 14 (6), p. 4812-4819
Whooping cough is a highly contagious and acute respiratory disease caused by an aerobic Gram negative encapsulated coco-bacillus bacterium, Bordetella pertussis. It is a strict human pathogen with no known animal or environmental reservoirs and an air-borne disease. On inhalation, Bordetella pertussis colonizes the ciliated cells of the bronchio-epithelium to cause disease characterised by; epithelial damage, hyper mucus secretion, pulmonary edema and paroxysmal coughing. It is often accompanied by pneumonia, otitis edema, seizures, post-tussive vomiting and encephalopathy (1).
The microbe Naegleria fowleri, commonly called the brain-eating-amoeba, was first identified from a fatal case of primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in Australia in 1961. In 1965, three further cases of fatal PAM were found, from which clinical and laboratory investigations pointed to a relation with acute bacterial meningitis among the cases of an unknown etiology. According to Fowler & Carter (1965), when post-death examinations of the bodies were performed researchers found that “microscopically the meningeal exudate consisted of about equal proportions of neutrophil leukocytes and chronic inflammatory cells, amongst which small, often degenerate amoebae were sparsely distributed” (p.740). The species of the organism that caused the amoeboflagellate related disease was later named Naegleria fowleri after one of the primary authors of the report, M. Fowler. Butt reports that the first case of PAM in the United States occurred in Florida in 1962 and a further retrospective study reported by dos Santos Netos suggested that additional identified cases of PAM in Virginia may have dated as far back as 1937 (as cited in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2013, Pathogen). As research on the microbe ensues, more cases of PAM are beginning to surface and the search for a cure to the fatal infection is imperative.
Legionella pneumophila GRAPH Introduction: Legionella pneumophila are gram-negative rods. They are very difficult to culture because of their complex nutrient requirements, such as cysteine, high concentrations of iron, and the use of activated charcoal agar. They survive as intracellular pathogens of either protozoa or human macrophages. They are most often found in stagnant water reservoirs like air conditioning cooling towers, whirlpool spas, humidifiers, faucets and shower heads, and are infectious when inhaled. L. pneumophila was first identified and named after the American Legion convention of 1976, held in Philadelphia, PA.
Proteogenomics is a kind of science field that includes proteomics and genomics. Proteomic consists of protein sequence information and genomic consists of genome sequence information. It is used to annotate whole genome and protein coding genes. Proteomic data provides genome analysis by showing genome annotation and using of peptides that is gained from expressed proteins and it can be used to correct coding regions.Identities of protein coding regions in terms of function and sequence is more important than nucleotide sequences because protein coding genes have more function in a cell than other nucleotide sequences. Genome annotation process includes all experimental and computational stages.These stages can be identification of a gene ,function and structure of a gene and coding region locations.To carry out these processes, ab initio gene prediction methods can be used to predict exon and splice sites. Annotation of protein coding genes is very time consuming process ,therefore gene prediction methods are used for genome annotations. Some web site programs provides these genome annotations such as NCBI and Ensembl. These tools shows sequenced genomes and gives more accurate gene annotations. However, these tools may not explain the presence of a protein. Main idea of proteogenomic methods is to identify peptides in samples by using these tools and also with the help of mass spectrometry.Mass spectrometry searches translation of genome sequences rather than protein database searching. This method also annotate protein protein interactions.MS/MS data searching against translation of genome can determine and identify peptide sequences.Thus genome data can be understood by using genomic and transcriptomic information with this proteogenomic methods and tools. Many of proteomic information can be achieved by gene prediction algorithms, cDNA sequences and comparative genomics. Large proteomic datasets can be gained by peptide mass spectrophotometry for proteogenomics because it uses proteomic data to annotate genome. If there is genome sequence data for an organism or closely related genomes are present,proteogenomic tools can be used. Gained proteogenomic data provides comparing of these data between many related species and shows homology relationships among many species proteins to make annotations with high accuracy.From these studies, proteogenomic data demonstrates frame shifts regions, gene start sites and exon and intron boundaries , alternative splicing sites and its detection , proteolytic sites that is found in proteins, prediction of genes and post translational modification sites for protein.
Necrotizing Fasciitis (flesh eating bacteria ) from an essay by Katrina Tram Duong, edited by S.N. Carson M.D.
“Meningococcal Disease.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 12 Oct. 2005. Department of Health and Human Services. 27 July 2006 .
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive and fast-growing bacteria which inhabit upper respiratory tract in humans. Moreover, it is an aerotolerant anaerobe and usually causes respiratory diseases including pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis, peritonitis, paranasal sinusitis, septic arthritis, and osteomyelitis (Todar, 2003). According to Tettelin et al., more than 3 million of children die from meningitis or pneumonia worldwide (2001). S.pneumoniae has an enzyme known as autolysin that is responsible for disintegration and disruption of epithelial cells. Furthermore, S.pneumoniae has many essential virulence factors like capsule which is made up of polysaccharides that avoids complement C3b opsonization of cells by phagocytes. Many vaccines contain different capsular antigens which were isolated from various strains (Todar, 2003). There are plenty of S.pneumoniae strains that developed resistance to most popular antibiotics like macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and penicillin since 1990 (Tettelin et al., 2001). Antibiotic resistance was developed by the gene mutation and selection processes that, as a consequence, lead to the formation of penicillin-binding proteins, etc. (Todar, 2003).
Antibiotic resistance is bacteria’s loss of susceptibility to the bactericidal or growth-inhibiting properties of an antibiotics. When a resistant strain of bacteria is the dominant strain in an infection, the infection may be untreatable and deadly he primary mechanisms of bacterial gene transfer are transduction and conjugation. Transduction occurs when a bacterial virus, called a bacteriophage, detaches from one bacterial cell, carrying with it some of that bacterium’s genome, and then infects another cell. When the bacteriophage inserts its genetic content into the genome of the next bacterium, the previous bacterium’s DNA also is incorporated into the genome. Conjugation occurs when two bacteria come into physical contact with each other and a plasmid, sometimes carry...
Enterococcus faecalis is a genus of gram positive cocci and form short chains or are arranged in pairs. They are nonmotile, facultative anaerobic organisms and can survive in harsh conditions in nature. There are over 15 species of the Enterococcus genus but about 90% of clinical isolates are E. faecalis. E. faecalis is a nosocomial pathogen because it is commonly found in the hospital environment and can cause life-threatening infections in humans. It is a bacterium that normally inhabits the intestinal tract in humans and animals but when found in other body locations it can cause serious infections. The most common sites for E. faecalis infections are the heart, bloodstream, urinary tract, and skin wounds. Due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, many antibiotics have been shown ineffective in the treatment. In this paper, I will describe the ecology and pathology of E. faecalis; the antibacterial resistance; treatment; and, what you can do to prevent Enterococcus infection.
Penicillin G targets gram-positive and gram-negative, cocci bacteria and is expected to kill Isolate A by...
Being all members of the human race surely we have all sympathized for the less fortunate; whether it was for what they had or what they didn’t. There is a condition that most have never considered, and probably have never heard of. Imagine big white and red spots that decorate every part of your body so that they can’t be hidden. On the inside you have a painful sinus infection and after a while a loss of peripheral nerve sensation so bad that your hands and feet go numb. You could go blind or you could loose your nose, ears, or even legs to amputation. Unfortunately the physical ailments are the best part. Throughout history leprosy sufferers have been cast off from society with as much concern that dead bodies are sent to graves.
N-Linked glycoproteins were traditionally considered unique for eukaryotic systems. It was not until more recently that their presences in bacteria and archaea become recognized. N-Glycans in eukaryotes share some common features and have a common core structure. They consist of common monosaccharide units. However, their structures in bacteria and archaea are more diverse and contain both common and rare monosaccharide building blocks.
In the hierarchial organisation of proteins, domains are found at the highest level of tertiary structure. Since the term was first used by Wetlaufer (1973) a number of definitions exist reflecting author bias, however all of the definitions agree that domains are independently folding compact units. Domains are frequently coded by exons and therefore have specific functionality. Among the many descriptions of protein domains the two most striking and simple are " Protein evolutionary units" and "Basic currency of Proteins".
T. pallidum is highly sensitive to oxygen and has a decreased ability to survive when not in human body temperature environments 1. The mode of transmission is through sexual contact or vertical transmission from the mother to the fetus. T. pallidum lacks the lipopolysaccharide which is the endotoxin normally present in gram negative bacteria1. The bacterium does produce many lipoproteins which are thought to prompt the inflammatory mediators through the recognition of toll-like receptors1. T. pallidum has a virulence factor of being highly motile due to its ability to propel itself forward by rotating on a longitudinal axis1. The spirochetes easily penetrate the skin or mucosal membranes and spread throughout the lymph nodes and then the blood circulation, affecting many parts in the body1.