With rising populations and depleting resources, we treat parts of our natural world like a laboratory experiment – tweaking and experimenting with our environment in order to produce desired results. We create entirely manufactured landscapes in order to grow food, provide entertainment, and live the way we see as ideal. These constructed spaces question the concept of authenticity, in a cultural context increasingly characterized by artificialization. We produce environments that are simply allusions to idyllic nature, in the form of manufactured nature. This paper seeks to examine some of these manufactured natures; their relationship to what is ‘real’, and their impact on society and nature.
Before we look at these examples, it is important to consider what is ‘natural’. Nature is, according to the Oxford Dictionary, the phenomena of the physical world collectively, including plants, animals, landscape and other features of the earth, as opposed to humans or other creations. Many associate the idea of nature with untouched environment, or what we may consider wilderness. In William Cronon’s article The Trouble with Wilderness; or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature, he argues that we need to change the way we think about wilderness as its considered a pure, pristine environment, “an island in the polluted sea of urban-industrial modernity”. He seeks to identify the average persons misconceptions and idealistic views of wilderness, and to displace some of these preconceived notions into a middle ground where both romanticized and everyday ‘wilderness’ are respected. Nature can include mundane things such as weeds rooted in cities, and pigeons gathering on wires. Therefore I would like to assume that nature exists as something...
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...ul, appealing, and interesting, and on the other hand, kitsch, repulsive, and detrimental to our natural world. A manufactured agricultural landscape has the ability to sustain rising populations in dense cities, but with it comes questions of sanitation and sustainability. Artificial environments have the capacity to provide sport entertainment in a controlled setting, without having to drive the distance to a ski hill or river, but how far removed is this experience from the real thing?
These constructed spaces question the concept of authenticity, in a cultural context increasingly characterized by artificialization. We produce environments that are simply allusions to idyllic nature, in the form of manufactured nature. This paper seeks to examine some of these manufactured natures; their relationship to what is ‘real’, and their impact on society and nature.
Daniel Duane addresses a pressing modern anxiety surrounding technology’s destruction of the natural world. Duane is an author of seven books and many articles featured in The New York Times and Food & Wine. Also an editor for Men’s Journal, Duane’s experiences in rock climbing, science, and the beauty of the outdoors make his writings seem more passionate and credible. He recently wrote the article “The Unnatural Kingdom” in The New York Times explaining his ideas towards technological advancements and their effects on wildlife. In his article, Duane offers insights to the question, “If technology helps save the wilderness, will the wilderness still be wild?” (Duane 1). He utilizes kairos, pathos, ethos, logos, and other rhetorical devices,
The advent of industrialization and mankind's insatiable quest to devour nature has resulted in a potentially catastrophic chaos. Our race against time to sate the ever-increasing numbers of hungry stomachs has taken toll on the environment. Man has tried to strip every resource Earth has to offer and has ruthlessly tried to eliminate any obstruction he perceived. Nature is an independent entity which has sustained and maintained the balance existing within it. Traditionally, spring season hosts the complete magnificence of nature in full bloom. It is evident in the very first chapter when Rachel Carson talks about a hypothetical village which was the epitome of natural rural beauty and was a delightful scenery for the beholder. The village
Many have condemned realist art for “sacrificing beauty for exactitude and obviating conceptual integrity if favour of in-your-face reality”. They argue that the glorification of ordinary, banal subjects may in fact be a pathetic attempt to ignore the drab realities of contemporary life by attempting to ‘spice up’ commonplace objects. Perhaps they think that modern technology and flashy photographical equipment defeats the purpose of original realist art, and provides a far more accurate reproduction of contemporary life. I however, beg to differ. For the realist artist, the vast world is their subject and their aim is to present this world through their art in what they see as their honest representation of it. To label realism as obsolete is to call these artists’ sincere opinions obsolete. People often fail to remember that the world is constantly changing and the ‘ordinary’ doesn’t always remain so. The writer J.P. Stern remarked once that realism is “the creative acknowledgment of the data of social life at a recognisable moment in history”. True, photography and digital technology may produce a more accurate reproduction of real life but representation-wise, a genuine hand-made artwork may in fact offer a far more meaningful result- not merely due to the allowance for modification and
The debate over technology being healthy for our children has been a debate that has gone on for years. It appears as though the tragedy that children are missing out on hands-on nature is definitely something we all must learn to accept. Nicholas D. Kristof hits the nail on the head when he suggest that we try to preserve nature but we don’t promote natural activity such as hiking, biking, camping, and “discovering the hard way what a wasp nest looks like”. Kristof does an effective job getting the point across on experiencing nature and limiting technology. He is a father that is destined for his young daughter to know about the outdoors with personal experimentation. Kristof’s intended audience is geared toward people that want their children and themselves to be involved in nature, but they have been consumed with this technological age.
“The integrity of impression made by manifold natural objects… in the tranquil landscape, and especially in the distant line of the horizon, man beholds somewhat as beautiful as his own nature” (Emerson). Rather than providing a technical, concrete definition of nature, Ralph Waldo Emerson brings a fresh take to how nature is defined. In fact, other authors and individuals have shaped their own definition of nature: what they believe it possesses in addition to what it encompasses. This theme has been widely discussed, with a peak in the nineteenth century. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau are responsible for the fixation of nature in literature, and Christopher McCandless plus Cheryl Strayed are answerable for bringing that fixation into a more recent time period. Nature was and is a prevalent theme in literature and society; however, every individual views it differently. While Emerson, Thoreau, McCandless, and Strayed all took similar approaches in interacting with nature, they differ in their belief of what nature offers individuals.
From the lone hiker on the Appalachian Trail to the environmental lobby groups in Washington D.C., nature evokes strong feelings in each and every one of us. We often struggle with and are ultimately shaped by our relationship with nature. The relationship we forge with nature reflects our fundamental beliefs about ourselves and the world around us. The works of timeless authors, including Henry David Thoreau and Annie Dillard, are centered around their relationship to nature.
Our receptivity to the landscape can be influenced by irrational emotions. When the newlyweds move in, they are wary of their new landscape, the unfamiliar surroundings, cultural barriers and differences to their old landscape along with the people in the landscape cause them to be unreceptive to the landscape. The changing relationship between the people is demonstrated through the comparative description of the couple in their old and new neighbourhoods. Their prior residence was “in the expansive outer suburbs where good neighbours were seldom seen and never heard”. This is juxtaposed against the noisy Macedonian family that “shouted, ranted and screamed”.
It is human nature to create an altered reality that is more suitable for habitation both physically and emotionally to protect the psyche. It is within this innately human subjective perception of realit...
Two of the works in particular which offered differing views on this relationship were “Entrance to the Woods” by Wendell Berry and “The Invented Landscape” by Frederick Turner. “Entrance to the Woods” is about a man who goes camping in the wilderness one weekend to take a needed vacation from his hectic urban lifestyle. On the trip, the narrator realizes his symbolic place in the woods, as well as the place that mankind has made in the world. He struggles with the negative effects that come from urbanization and the relentless progress of both mankind and nature. Berry’s genius lies in his use of diction to seamlessly use both the natural and activist personas, creating a stance and an image that leads the reader to his own thoughts, which have been manipulated by his perspective.
For instance, highly populous and famous cities such as Oslo, New York, Alexandria, and San Francisco hold some of the important architecture projects that have shaped individuals’ lives. Reporter David Owen, in his New Yorker article “Psychology of Space”, argues how the architecture firm Snøhetta utilizes their magic through their projects to build people’s moods, shape their relationships with cities, buildings and other individuals, and create illusions with exhilarating effects. The author’s argument is rhetorically compelling because his arrangement of ideas, selection of words, and supporting evidence maintain his public engaged in the magic of architecture and persuade anyone reading his article that architecture plays a critical role in their lives in numerous
On one side of the conflict, Americans have a passionate relationship with nature. Nature acts as a muse for artists of every medium. While studying nature, Jo...
However, some only have this appreciation due to the fact that the nature provides a service to them, usually involving an escape from the busy reality that many deal with constantly. Perceptions of nature include an oasis from the stresses of real life, and for that reason, support the protection of certain pieces of land. In William Cronon’s essay, “The Trouble With Wilderness,” he claims that modern interpretation of wilderness is “quite profoundly a human creation” (Cronan 1). This phrase underscores the notion that humanity created the conception of wilderness as something particularly special and enchanting, and that the definition is not inherent. Even many people who are considered to have valued the environment to the utmost degree were actually acting this way due to their own human-centered uses for the natural world. For example, one of the sole reasons Theodore Roosevelt spearheaded the movement for a National Parks System is not due to his appreciation for the natural world, but because he was an avid hunter (NPS.gov). If urbanization would have continued, without preserving many areas of the United States, the ability to hunt in the United States would be very difficult if not impossible. If humans did not understand wilderness as “the remote corners of the earth,” that supply an “experience of wonder and
When I think of the perfect place, I imagine a cascading waterfall, a vast forest, a stunning mountainside, or a warm sunset on the beach. I look up around me, mesmerized by the vastness of the natural world and breathe in the fresh air. Over the course of my life, I have come to respect the environment and the earth’s natural surroundings in ways that most others do not in the industrialized and technological era of today. I can appreciate the beauty of the Earth and of all the different landscapes and organisms that surround me. The way in which I value and treasure the environment has evolved just as I have. I see the environment as something to be preserved and admired, not destroyed or exploited. My relationship with the environment is
The aim of this essay is to explain how Post-Modernism has influenced our contemporary built environment and explain what other movements have derived from it.
Hirsch, E. 1995. “Introduction, Landscape: between place and space” in Hirsch, E. (ed.) The Anthropology of Landscape: Perspectives on Place and Space. Oxford : New York: Clarendon Press.